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Table of Contents
Act of 1863 Gold Certificates
Deseret Currency Association
No County for Old Men or Their Money
The End of Legal Tender Notes
The American National Bank of Baltimore, MD
David A. Schulte and the Mutual-Profit Coupon System
Postal Currency Sheet w/ Associated Note
S. 3288--Authorizing a New Currency
Zouaves!
2020 Index to Paper Money
official journal of
The Society of Paper Money Collectors
1863 Gold Certificates
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Fr. 127. 1869 $20 Legal Tender Note.
PMG Extremely Fine 40.
Fr. 151. 1869 $50 Legal Tender Note.
PCGS Banknote Choice Very Fine 35.
Fr. 167a. 1863 $100 Legal Tender Note.
PCGS Banknote Choice Uncirculated 63.
Fr. 328. 1880 $50 Silver Certificate.
PMG Choice Extremely Fine 45.
Fr. 342. 1880 $100 Silver Certificate.
PCGS Banknote Choice Very Fine 35.
Fr. 376. 1891 $50 Treasury Note.
PMG Extremely Fine 40 EPQ.
Fr. 378. 1891 $100 Treasury Note.
PMG Fine 12.
Fr. 377. 1890 $100 Treasury Note.
PCGS Banknote Choice Extremely Fine 45.
Fr. 1132-B. 1918 $500 Federal Reserve Note.
New York. PMG Choice Very Fine 35.
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22
Act of 1863 Gold Certificates--Huntoon, Murray, Bruyer
Deseret Currency Association--Douglas Nyholm
No Country for Old Men or Their Currency--Charles Derby
The American National Bank of Baltimore, MD--J. Fred Maples
S. 3288--Authorizing a New Currency--Lee Lofthus & Peter Huntoon
The End of Legal Tender Notes--Peter Huntoon
Zouaves--Terry Brant
Postage Currency Sheet w/Associated Note--Rick Melamed
44
53
6
29
36
61
62
46 Mutual-Profit Coupon System--Loren Gatch
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
1
Contents, Advertisers, Hall of Fame
Columns
Advertisers
SPMC Hall of Fame
The?SPMC?Hall?of?Fame?recognizes?and?honors?those?individuals?who?
have?made?a?lasting?contribution?to?the?society?over?the?span?of?many?years.?
Charles Affleck
Walter Allan
Doug Ball
Joseph Boling
F.C.C. Boyd
Michael Crabb
Martin Delger
William Donlon
Roger Durand
C. John Ferreri
Milt Friedberg
Robert Friedberg
Len Glazer
Nathan Gold
Nathan Goldstein
James Haxby
John Herzog
Gene Hessler
John Hickman
William Higgins
Ruth Hill
Peter Huntoon
Don Kelly
Lyn Knight
Chet Krause
Allen Mincho
Judith Murphy
Chuck O?Donnell
Roy Pennell
Albert Pick
Fred Reed
Matt Rothert
Neil Shafer
Austin Sheheen
Herb & Martha
Schingoethe
Hugh Shull
Glenn Smedley
Raphael Thian
Daniel Valentine
Louis Van Belkum
George Wait
D.C. Wismer
From Your President Shawn Hewitt 4
Editor Sez Benny Bolin 5
Uncoupled Joe Boling & Fred Schwann 56
Quartermaster Column Michael McNeil 66
Cherry Pickers Column Robert Calderman 68
Obsolete Corner Robert Gill 70
New Members Frank Clark 74
2020 Paper Money Index Terry Bryan 75
Stacks Bowers Galleries IFC
Pierre Fricke 1
Fred Bart 20
Vern Potter 20
ANA 21
Lyn Knight 28
Bob Laub 31
Kagins 43
Jim Ehrhardt 60
Higgins Museum 60
FCCB 60
Denly's of Boston 72
DBR Currency 72
PCDA 81
Heritage Auctions OBC
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
2
No F.U.N.?
Join the SPMC on ZOOM
Due to the unfortunate cancellation of Winter FUN, the board of directors of the SPMC are planning a business meeting followed by an array of educational seminar presentations.
Tentative planned for Saturday February 27, 2021
More details to follow on the webpage so check the webpage often for updates.
Tentative partial speaker list includes
? Wendell Wolka
? Pierre Fricke
? Robert Calderman
? Shawn Hewitt
? Benny Bolin
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
3
Officers & Appointees
ELECTED OFFICERS
PRESIDENT Shawn Hewitt
shawn@shawnhewitt.com
VICE-PRES. Robert Vandevender II
rvpaperman@aol.com
SECRETARY Robert Calderman
gacoins@earthlink.net
TREASURER Bob Moon
robertmoon@aol.com
BOARD OF GOVERNORS
Mark Anderson mbamba@aol.com
Robert Calderman gacoins@earlthlink.net
Gary J. Dobbins g.dobbins@sbcglobal.net
Matt Drais Stockpicker12@aol.com
Pierre Fricke pierrefricke@buyvintagemoney.com
Loren Gatch lgatch@uco.edu
Steve Jennings sjennings@jisp.net
William Litt Billlitt@aol.com
J. Fred Maples maples@comcast.net
Cody Regennitter cody.regennitter@gmail.com
Wendell A. Wolka purduenut@aol.com
APPOINTEES
PUBLISHER-EDITOR
Benny Bolin smcbb@sbcglobal.net
ADVERTISING MANAGER
Wendell A. Wolka purduenut@aol.com
LEGAL COUNSEL
Megan Regennitter mreginnitter@iowafirm.com
LIBRARIAN
Jeff Brueggeman jeff@actioncurrency.com
MEMBERSHIP DIRECTOR
Frank Clark frank_spmc@yahoo.com
IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT
Pierre Fricke
WISMER BOOK PROJECT COORDINATOR
Pierre Fricke
From Your President
Shawn Hewitt
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Paper Money * July/August 2020
6
I guess it was too much to hope for ? reuniting of fellow
collectors at the Florida United Numismatists (FUN) convention in
Orlando, scheduled for January. COVID has struck again, taking away
our next meeting opportunity, as the FUN organizers prudently cancelled
the show in the face of skyrocketing infections.
But enough with this negative talk. I?m an optimist at heart and
am confident that 2021 will be a much better year ? and we?re going to
do something to help make that happen. The SPMC Board of Governors
has decided to host a Zoom membership meeting and speakers? event.
We?ve seen this done by other numismatic groups with considerable
success, so we?ll take the leap and give it a try. The date is set for
Saturday, February 27, 2021.
The schedule for this event is still to be determined, but we will
have the event details posted on our SPMC website calendar in the
coming weeks. We?ll start the day with a general membership meeting
and continue with several presenters. So far, the speakers list includes
Confederate currency authority Pierre Fricke, obsolete note specialist
endell Wolka, the Cherry Picker and all-around generalist Robert
Calderman, and me, who will present about non-star replacements in the
pre-star type and large size national bank note series. We hope to gather
another couple speakers to round out the day. I am very much looking
forward to this event, which may very well become a regular part of
SPMC interaction with members in the future.
As we roll into 2021, we are unsure about how soon things will
return to normal as the COVID era hopefully comes to a quick close as
vaccinations are distributed, but we are hopeful that the annual
International Paper Money Show (IPMS) will be our next major
gathering. At that time in June ? whether or not we meet ? the second
term of my presidency will come to end, and we will make a change in
leadership. I can say with great certainty that we will continue to
improve our organization and the value you get for your membership.
We?re on a wonderful trajectory and there is every reason to believe that
2021 will be a great and memorable year.
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
4
Terms and Conditions
The Society of Paper Money Collectors (SPMC) P.O. Box
7055, Gainesville, GA 30504, publishes PAPER MONEY
(USPS 00-3162) every other month beginning in January.
Periodical postage is paid at Hanover, PA. Postmaster send
address changes to Secretary Robert Calderman, Box 7055,
Gainesville, GA 30504. ?Society of Paper Money Collectors,
Inc. 2020. All rights reserved. Reproduction of any article in
whole or part without written approval is prohibited. Individual
copies of this issue of PAPER MONEY are available from the
secretary for $8 postpaid. Send changes of address, inquiries
concerning non - delivery and requests for additional
copies of this issue to the secretary.
MANUSCRIPTS
Manuscripts not under consideration elsewhere
and publications for review should be sent to the editor.
Accepted manuscripts will be published as soon as
possible, however publication in a specific issue cannot be
guaranteed. Opinions expressed by authors do not
necessarily reflect those of the SPMC. Manuscripts
should be submitted in WORD format via email
(smcbb@sbcglobal.net) or by sending memory stick/disk
to the editor. Scans should be grayscale or color JPEGs at
300 dpi. Color illustrations may be changed to grayscale
at the discretion of the editor. Do not send items of
value. Manuscripts are submitted with copyright release
of the author to the editor for duplication and printing as
needed.
ADVERTISING
All advertising on space available basis. Copy/correspondence
should be sent to editor.
All advertising is pay in advance. Ads are on a ?good
faith? basis. Terms are ?Until Forbid.?
Ads are Run of Press (ROP) unless accepted on a premium
contract basis. Limited premium space/rates available.
To keep rates to a minimum, all advertising must be prepaid
according to the schedule below. In exceptional cases
where special artwork or additional production is
required, the advertiser will be notified and billed
accordingly. Rates are not commissionable; proofs are
not supplied. SPMC does not endorse any company,
dealer or auction house. Advertising Deadline: Subject to
space availability, copy must be received by the editor no
later than the first day of the month preceding the cover
date of the issue (i.e. Feb. 1 for the March/April issue).
Camera-ready art or electronic ads in pdf format are
required.
ADVERTISING RATES
Space 1 Time 3 Times 6 Times
Full color covers $1500 $2600 $4900
B&W covers 500 1400 2500
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front. Safety margin: type and other non-bleed content
must clear trim by minimum 1/2? Advertising copy shall
be restricted to paper currency, allied numismatic
material, publications and related accessories. The
SPMC does not guarantee advertisements, but accepts
copy in good faith, reserving the right to reject
objectionable or inappropriate material or edit copy.
The SPMC assumes no financial responsibility
for typographical errors in ads but agrees to reprint that
portion of an ad in which a typographical error occurs.
Editor Sez
Benny Bolin
Welcome 2021. While this year is starting off like 2020 left us,
we have reason to be optimistic about the year. With the vaccine
coming, hopefully this COVID situation will be over. It will take
a while before we can get back together with FUN and March
ANA already on the cancel list, but here is hoping for a
resounding good time at the 2021 IPMS, wherever it may be.
The board of the SPMC has decided since FUN was cancelled, we
would present a virtual time with an SPMC business meeting and
a number of speakers. More information is in this issue and more
updates will follow so watch the website for them.
What have you been doing during the time at home of late?
One of my favorite pastimes is reading and I have three great
books for you all to look into. First is a great book written by
Heinz Tschachler--"George Washington on Coins and Currency."
Published by McFarland books, it is a very nice history with
illustrations of Washington on coins/currency since the colonial
times to present.
Another, although way out of my collecting genre, is "The Atlas
Collection--Archival Photographic Proofs of Greek Banknotes"
by Evangelos Fysikas, one of our authors this year. It is
beautifully illustrated and the text is done in a unique manner--the
top half of the page is in Greek and the bottom in English.
My favorite book is one that should be of great interest to
collectors of fractional currency (me) and encased postage (again
me). It is "A Century of Cures: Dr. J.C.Ayers & Co. Lowell,
Mass., U.S.A" by Cliff & Linda Hoyt. It is a very detailed history
of Ayers, his company and his many patent medicines, tonics and
other items he made. It is voraciously illustrated with all the trade
cards, envelopes, papers and other advertising products he had.
Oh yeah, also his encased postage.
Many other books made their way across my desk. References
on Obsoletes from Alabama and New Hampshire along with
books on hoards as well as Disney Dollars joined the Bolin
library. And those are just the modern books. I still collect and
enjoy the old auctions catalogs, fixed price lists and references on
fractional currency. I urge you to read on your collecting interests
and then utilize what you learned to write an article for Paper
Money!
Literally the day I was taking this issue to the printer to do
a pre-publish proof, I learned of the passing of a great in the
fractional currency--Martin Gengerke. He was a great friend
and mentor for me along with Milt Friedberg and will be sorely
missed.
I wish you good tiding and a Happy New Year. Be safe!
Benny
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
5
Act of 1863
Gold Certificates
Abstract
Of all the U. S, currency issues, none rival the group of Act of March 3, 1863, gold certificates for
rarity. They were created during the Civil War as yet another means to help finance the Treasury. However,
the first of them weren?t issued until November 1865 after the war ended.
The notes were printed by the National Currency Bureau for use by the U. S. Treasury in
Washington and subtreasuries in New York, Boston and Philadelphia. They were issued in $20, $100, $500,
$1000, $5000 and $10,000 denominations. The $20s through $1000s were payable to the bearer so classify
as currency. In contrast, the $5000s and $10,000s were checks representing gold coin or bullion deposited
with the Treasury by some person or entity that were payable in gold to a second person or entity.
The Treasury was authorized to issue notes amounting to 120 percent of the gold on deposit, with
the first draw on the extra 20 percent to be used to pay interest on the public debt.
The series was phased out in 1870, whereupon they were supplanted by Series of 1870 uniface gold
notes. The 1870 notes were checks identical in character to the 1863 $5,000 and $10,000 notes.
The Paper
Column
Peter Huntoon
Doug Murray
Nick Bruyer
Figure 1. Act of 1863 $20 gold certificate. Only the $20 through $1000 notes were payable to the bearer. Face,
Heritage Auction archives photo; back, National Numismatic Collection proof.
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
6
All the reported issued 1863 gold certificates are from New York.
Origin
By 1863, the southern states had long ago split from the Union and the Civil War had raged
inconclusively since April 12, 1861. The opposing forces found themselves locked in a grim war of attrition
of men and materiel.
The cost to the Union was countless lives and averaged $2 million per day, with no end in sight.
Without heavy borrowing, the Union Treasury would have run out of money long before. The Treasury had
suspended specie payments December 28, 1861, in order to conserve gold.
Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase and his Congressional allies were implementing every
tactic they could to raise money. Congress authorized the issuance of a total of $60,000,000 worth of
demand notes in the Acts of July 17, 1861, and February 12, 1862, that were circulating non-interest-bearing
national debt to be exchanged by the Treasury for coin or to pay salaries and other debts owed by the United
States. Because they were issued before the suspension of specie payments, the demand notes were accepted
by the Treasury as coin notes that could be used to pay customs taxes.
In acts of desperation as the cost of the war deepened, Congress authorized the issuance of legal
tender notes, notes that were nothing more than circulating debt instruments that bore no interest with a
promise to pay their face amount with dollars of unspecified value at some unspecified future date. This
was fiat money passed off with a legal tender currency decree meaning it couldn?t be refused to satisfy
debts between debtors and creditors.
The first $150,000,000 worth of legal tenders were authorized by the Act of February 25, 1862.
Another $150 million was authorized by an Act passed July 11, 1862, and a third $150 million by the Act
of March 3, 1863. The Act of February 25, 1862, explicitly prohibited the use of legal tender notes for the
payment of customs taxes and the government couldn?t use them to pay interest on the public debt.
These limitations were strategic. A primary source for revenue to the Treasury was customs taxes,
so by a Congressional mandate in Section 5 of the Act of February 25, 1862, they were payable in gold or
demand notes of 1861-2. Congress couldn?t allow customs taxes to be paid with legal tender notes because
those taxes were the primary source for gold so critically needed by the Treasury.
Conversely, the credibility of the Treasury as a borrower could be maintained only if it repaid
interest on its debt with specie. Consequently, Section 5 of the February 25, 1862, act stipulated that the
primary use for gold received from customs taxes was the payment of interest on the public debt.
Throughout the entire war, sales of Treasury notes, bonds and certificates of indebtedness continued
unabated. Some of those debt issues, such as certificates of indebtedness authorized by the Act of March
17, 1862, were used specifically to purchase gold coin in order to allow the Treasury to pay out that coin
for the interest on the accumulating national debt.
New, even more creative strategies, were implemented. One to pass Congress was an act dated
February 25, 1863, authorizing the establishment of the national banking system, with its new form of bond-
secured national currency. The new national currency was founded on legal tender currency into which
national bank notes could be redeemed.
Specifically, bankers were required to purchase Treasury bonds that they would then deposit with
the U. S. Treasurer to secure national bank notes issued to them amounting to 90 percent of the face value
of the collateral bonds. This money was theirs to loan. They also earned interest on their bonds, so they
earned interest twice on the same investment, a strong incentive to play in this arena.
The Treasury also was a winner because the bankers used legal tender notes to buy their bonds
because it was the cheapest money they could accumulate. Thus, the national banking system created a
strong market for both the Treasury?s legal tender notes and also the Treasury?s bonds, both of which had
been meeting resistance in the market. In addition, the bankers also had to hold reserves for both the deposits
they held and their outstanding national bank notes. Those reserves had to be lawful money; specifically,
legal tender notes. Large volumes of legal tender notes were thus tied up in bank reserves creating further
demand for them.
A creative means for obtaining gold for the Treasury was incorporated into the Act of March 3,
1863. That act authorized a variety of government debt instruments including the final $150,000,000 of
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
7
legal tender notes. Of primary interest to this discussion was Section 5, which authorized the issuance of
non-interest-bearing gold certificates of deposit against gold deposited with the Treasury that was to be
held for their redemption. The Treasury was authorized to issue these notes to the extent of 120 percent of
the value of the gold received, and use the certificates to pay interest on the public debt as well as allow
holders to use the certificates to pay customs taxes. Section 5 is reproduced in total here.
Act of March 3, 1863
An act to provide ways and means for the support of the Government
Section 5. That the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized to receive deposits of gold coin and
bullion with the Treasurer or any assistant treasurer of the United States, in sums not less than twenty
dollars, and to issue certificates therefor, in denominations of not less than twenty dollars each,
corresponding with the denominations of the United States notes. The coin and bullion deposited for or
representing the certificates of deposit shall be retained in the Treasury for the payment of the same on
deposit. The coin and bullion deposited for or representing the certificates of deposit shall be retained in
the Treasury for the payment of the same on demand. And certificates representing coin in the Treasury
may be issued in payment of interest on the public debt, which certificates, together with those issued for
coin and bullion deposited, shall not at any time exceed twenty per centum beyond the amount of coin and
bullion in the Treasury; and the certificates for coin or bullion in the Treasury shall be received at par in
payment for duties on imports.
The Act of 1863 provided a convenient means for gold producers to turn their bullion into money
and holders of coin to convert that cumbersome medium into more readily transportable paper. The
certificates thus made available were, of course, convertible into gold coin on demand at the convenience
of the holder.
Figure 2. Notice that the $20 is payable to the bearer, whereas the $10,000 is payable to the order
of. National Numismatic Collection proofs.
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
8
By providing this service, the Treasury was authorized to issue certificates equal to 20 percent
beyond the value of the bullion and coin held for their redemption. This overage was to be used primarily
to pay interest on the national debt. The expectation was that the Treasury would accumulate a considerable
volume of gold, the users would prefer to hold the paper, and the Treasury could create for itself the
additional 20 percent it needed on the float.
This paper had value because it was convertible into gold coin but also because it could be
accumulated in financial markets to conveniently pay customs taxes, whereupon the government could
reissue it. The 1863 act called these notes certificates of deposit, but the lower denominations also served
as a form of circulating currency. The notes were issued in $20, $100, $500, $1000, $5000 and $10,000
denominations.
The $20 through $1000 denominations were payable to the bearer so they could circulate.
The $5000 and $10,000 denominations were payable to the order of so they functioned as checks
for the transfer of large sums of gold. It is theoretically possible that some of the high denomination notes
were made out in favor of the purchaser and held as a store of wealth; however, that made little sense.
Instead, their utility was to be made payable to another party in order to make gold transfers such as to the
Treasury to pay customs taxes or for use between banks, etc. The high denominations weren?t designed to
circulate so they don?t meet the definition of currency.
The first of the Act of 1863 gold certificates was issued November 13, 1865 (Spinner, 1869, p.
247). They were phased out in 1870 with the advent of the uniface Series of 1870 gold notes and subsequent
Series of 1875 gold certificates, all of which were certificates of deposit payable to the order of specified
entities designated by the purchasers identical to the $5,000 and $10,000 Act of 1863 notes.
The low denomination Act of 1863 notes could circulate and the public could take them instead of
gold coin in payment for interest on Treasury bonds that they held. However, their circulation among the
public was minimal to nil. The commercial economy of the country during their existence was conducted
on a legal tender currency basis along with equivalent-value national bank currency. That currency was
discounted against gold as shown on Figure 3 until the resumption of specie payments on January 1, 1879.
Consequently, the reality was that using gold certificates would have been as cumbersome as using gold
coin because goods were priced in legal tender dollars so to use them would require everyone to scramble
to determine the current exchange rate. Instead, their use was largely confined to importers to pay customs
Figure 3. Price of a legal tender dollar in gold prior to the resumption of specie
payments by the U. S. Treasury on January 1, 1879. Data from Knox (1877, p.
XIII; 1879, p. XV).
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taxes, gold bullion dealers and foreign exchange brokers. Most of this type of business was carried out in
New York City.
Besides, the purchasing power of even the lowest denomination 1863 gold notes was a reach for
most citizens. The fact that they were largely out of the reach of the general public helps explain why so
few survive.
Release, Acceptance and Use
An article in the New York Times (October 21, 1865) explained the need for and anticipated use
for the gold certificates. A correction to a reporting mistake is shown in [].
The Secretary of the Treasury has determined to issue to the extent that the public may lodge their
Gold in the Treasury, Gold back Certificates, free of interest, of the denominations of $20, $50 [no $50s
made], $100 and $500, payable to the bearer, and of the denomination of $1,000 [$1000 payable to bearer],
$5,000 and $10,000, payable to the order of the depositor, under authority of the fifth section of the Loan
Act of March 3, 1863 * * *.
The Certificates will be ready for employment in a few days. They are engraved and printed in the
Department at Washington, in the very finest style, not only with reference to the artistic skill of the work,
but with special reference to security and protection against the possibility of counterfeiting. A specimen
was shown at the Treasury Office in this city to-day, which certainly reflects the very highest credit upon
the government engravers.
The new arrangement for facilitating all transactions in Gold as well with the Government in the
receipt of Customs and the payment of Gold Interest, as with Bullion dealers, foreign Exchange Brokers
and Bankers, and the public generally, who desire to have a secure place of deposit for their Gold, and a
convenient and transferable representative of such deposit. * * *
The inconvenience of repeatedly counting, transferring and recounting the Gold which the
government has been in the practice of selling for the last ninety days, to receive the constant and large
Customs demand?as well as to keep down the surplus Gold balances in the Treasury?has been seriously
felt: 1. In the sale of the Gold in the Open Market, deliverable in bags from the Treasury. 2. In the receipt
of the same Gold at the office of the Cashier of the Customs-house, most generally the same day. 3. In
recounting the same Gold at the Treasury Office, also the same day when put in, as it must be by 3 or 4
o?clock, from the Custom-house.
But above these considerations is the high credit and security and convenience of the Treasury of the
United States in all the Gold transactions of the public whether growing out of the business of Customs,
Gold Interest of the Public Debt, the Foreign Exchanges, or the direct deposit of Gold Coin for safe keeping.
The Secretary has been induced to exercise the authority of the Act of Congress on this subject by reason
of the very large movement of Gold of late, at and through his New-York office. He has no solicitude to
have the public avail of the new arrangement one dollar beyond their own convenience. They can take their
Gold Interest of him in Coin or in Gold back Certificates; the Importers and Bullion Brokers can buy Gold
of him deliverable in bags or in Gold Cash Certificates to represent it, nor will it pay a premium in the
shape of interest for having the Gold left in the Treasury.
Contemporary newspaper accounts provide revealing glimpses into when the 1863 gold certificates
became available, how well they were received, and how most were used. The following compilation is
Table 1. Currently reported Act of 1863 gold certificates. Data from Gengerke (2014).
Den Office Signatures Serial Pos Grade Whereabouts
20 New York Colby-Spinner and hand counter signature 416 D xf private
20 New York Colby-Spinner and hand counter signature 4069 A vf private
20 New York Colby-Spinner and engraved H. H. Van Dyck counter signature 36621 A canceled Bureau of the Public Debt
20 New York Colby-Spinner and engraved H. H. Van Dyck counter signature 41146 B vf private
20 New York Colby-Spinner and engraved H. H. Van Dyck counter signature 45149 A vf private
20 New York Colby-Spinner and engraved H. H. Van Dyck counter signature 48545 A canceled National Numismatic Collection
100 New York Colby-Spinner and hand counter signature 11811 C canceled National Numismatic Collection
100 New York Colby-Spinner and hand counter signature 46425 A vf private
100 New York Colby-Spinner and engraved H. H. Van Dyck counter signature 112853 A fine National Numismatic Collection
1000 New York Colby-Spinner and hand counter signature 19683 C canceled Bureau of the Public Debt
5000 New York Colby-Spinner and hand counter signature 42023 C canceled Bureau of the Public Debt
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arranged in chronological order of publication date and focuses on New York where they were first released
and most were used. Corrections to reporting mistake are shown in [].
?These gold notes will be receivable for customs, and will be largely used in adjusting balances in
New York. * * * Proofs of the backs, printed in gold-colored ink, have already been sent to the U. S.
Assistant Treasurer in this city?Hon. Mr. Van Dyck?for his inspection and suggestions. Several
denominations of the new gold backs will be ready for issue at the New York office in the course of a few
days? (Brooklyn Union, Oct 20, 1865).
?Deputy Treasurer Van Dyck yesterday received the first installment of the new gold certificates
of the denomination of $5,000. * * * The issue of the certificates will not commence for a couple of weeks?
(New York Times, Oct 28, 1865).
?The Secretary of the Treasury has informed the assistant treasurer at New York, that the new gold
certificates of the denomination of hundred and one thousand dollars, will be sent to this city early next
week. The twenty, fifty, and five hundred dollar notes may not be ready for some time. It is intended to
begin to issue these certificates to depositors next week? (Hartford Courant, Nov 2, 1865).
?New York, Nov. 5. The first batch of gold certificates of $1,000 went forward to the New York
Sub-Treasury to day. The $20 notes are in press, having elaborately engraved backs of the double eagle.
Part of this issue of gold-notes will be printed on buff-colored paper. In other respects they will be like
Bank of England notes. When once they come back to the Treasury they will not be re-issued? (Detroit Free
Press, Nov 6, 1865).
?The Secretary of the Treasury has addressed a circular to the officers of the customs instructing
them to receive in payment of duties on imports gold certificates of deposit issued by the Treasurer or
Assistant Treasurer of the United States, but in no case to receive such certificates for duties in excess of
the amount to be paid? (Baltimore Sun, Nov 10, 1865).
?No Certificate drawn to order, will be deemed a sufficient delivery if passed to a second
indorsement. This proviso is consistent with the wishes of the Treasury. New Certificates will be issued,
and the old ones canceled, whenever presented for payment; so that there will be no excuse for circulating
Figure 4. The 1863 gold certificates issued by the U. S. Treasury in Washington featured an
elaborate rendering of Treasury of the United States in the middle of the faces. Those issued by
the Boston and Philadelphia subtreasuries were identical except Washington was removed in
front of the blank for the date. National Numismatic Collection proofs.
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the originals with more than the single indorsement of the depositor or of the Cashier of the Treasury Office,
to whose order they will be drawn, unless otherwise requested? (New York Times, Nov 10, 1865).
?The Treasury Office in this city is to-day receiving Gold on deposit and issuing therefor Gold
Certificates of the denominators of $100, $1,000 and $5,000, to suit the convenience of the depositors. * *
* They are originally signed and sealed at Washington by the Treasurer and Register of the United States,
and countersigned by the Assistant Treasurer in New York. The amount offered for to-day is over $500,000,
of which the Bank of New York took out $250,000? (New York Times, Nov 16, 1865).
?The importers have increased facilities for arranging their payments, and the handling of gold in
bags is already sensibly reduced. The gold certificates that are received at the Customs Houses, for duties,
are canceled by stamping upon them the date of receipt; on the same day they are sent to the Treasury
offices, where the cancellation is completed. The Customs House cashiers register the date on which each
number passes through their hands, and no corresponding numbers are to be reissued on new certificates.
The government purposes to cancel the large certificates, $500 [should be $1,000] and upward on payment;
no second use is to be made of the same paper? (Philadelphia Inquirer, Nov 20, 1865).
?The $5,000 notes appear to be most in demand? (New York Times, Nov 26, 1865).
?Only ten days have elapsed since the deposits of gold for certificates commenced at the United
States Treasury in this city, and during the ten days $6,679,680 worth of certificates have been issued. In
the same period the redemptions only reach $1,284,000. The twenty dollar certificates have only been
issued three days? (Chicago Tribune, Nov 28, 1865).
Reported Notes
Act of 1863 gold certificates are ultimate rarities. They were printed for issue by the Treasury in
Washington, DC, and subtreasuries in New York, Boston and Philadelphia. By far, the vast majority of
them were issued through the New York subtreasury.
Currently, eleven issued notes are documented, all from the New York subtreasury. Six are in the
possession of National Numismatic Collection or the Bureau of the Public Debt, five of which are canceled.
Four $20s and one $100 are in private hands. See Table 1.
Figure 5. Assistant Treasurer H. H. Van Dyck?s signature was engraved on the second $20 and
first $100 plates for the New York subtreasury. National Numismatic Collection proofs.
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We wouldn?t know what most of them looked like if it weren?t for Bureau of Engraving and
Printing proofs in the National Numismatic Collection and canceled notes saved in the Treasury.
The faces had elaborate background tints as observed on Figure 1. If you wish to see the tints used
on the higher denominations, consult the images in Hessler (2004) and Hessler and Chambliss (2007).
Varieties
Two distinct layouts were used to print the black intaglio image on the Act of 1863 faces. As
illustrated on Figure 2, the notes issued directly from the Treasury in Washington, DC, have Treasury of
the United States boldly displayed across the center and Washington printed boldly to the left of the blank
for the date. Those from the New York subtreasury have Assistant Treasurer of the U. S. in New York in
subdued hollow letters and New York in script to the left of the blank for the date. The notes printed for the
Boston and Philadelphia have the identical layout as the Washington notes except Washington was omitted
from the space to the left of the blank for the date. Dee Figure 4.
The New York notes from some $20 and $100 plates carry the engraved signature of Assistant
Treasurer H. H. Van Dyke as illustrated on Figure 5.
All the proofs in the National Numismatic Collection from the Act of 1863 face plates are listed on
Table 2. This listing is useful for identifying plate-specific details. This holding is complete.
Table 2. Proofs in the National Numismatic Collection from Act of 1863 gold certificate face plates.
Entries arranged by denomination then when the plate was begun.
Scan No. Den Payable to Office1 Signers: Register, Treasurer, Ass't Treasurer Sub Plate Letters Pl. No.2 Begun3
111257 20 to bearer New York Colby-Spinner & countersigned by hand by the Ass't. Treasurer 4 A1-B1-C1-D1 (1) Nov 11, 1865
111256 20 to bearer Washington Colby-Spinner & countersigned by hand by the Ass't. Treasurer 4 A1-B1-C1-D1 (2) Nov 13, 1865
111258 20 to bearer New York Colby-Spinner-engraved Ass't Treasurer H. H. Van Dyck 4 A2-B2-C2-D2 (3) Nov 22, 1865
line under VanDyck
111255 20 to bearer Washington Colby-Spinner & countersigned by hand by the Ass't. Treasurer 4 A-B-C-D 4 Nov 23, 1865
111254 20 to bearer blank Colby-Spinner & countersigned by hand by the Ass't. Treasurer 4 A-B-C-D 5 Nov 27, 1865
111253 20 to bearer blank Colby-Spinner & countersigned by hand by the Ass't. Treasurer 4 A-B-C-D 6 Dec 1, 1865
111252 20 to bearer blank Colby-Spinner & countersigned by hand by the Ass't. Treasurer 4 A-B-C-D 7 Dec 9, 1865
no line under Ass't Treasurer signature
111263 100 to bearer New York Colby-Spinner-engraved Ass't Treasurer H. H. Van Dyck 4 A1-B1-C1-D1 (1) Nov 10, 1865
111260 100 to bearer Washington Colby-Spinner & countersigned by hand by the Ass't. Treasurer 4 A1-B1-C1-D1 (2) Nov 10, 1865
111262 100 to bearer New York Colby-Spinner & countersigned by hand by the Ass't. Treasurer 4 A2-B2-C2-D2 (3) Nov 11, 1865
111259 100 to bearer blank Colby-Spinner & countersigned by hand by the Ass't. Treasurer 4 A-B-C-D (4) Nov 20, 1865
work on plate unfinished
111261 100 to bearer blank Colby-Spinner & countersigned by hand by the Ass't. Treasurer 4 A-B-C-D (5) Dec 12, 1865
111264 500 to bearer New York Colby-Spinner & countersigned by hand by the Ass't. Treasurer 4 A-B-C-D Oct 24, 1866
111265 1000 to bearer New York Colby-Spinner & countersigned by hand by the Ass't. Treasurer 4 A-B-C-D Nov 1, 1865
111266 5000 to the order of New York Colby-Spinner & countersigned by hand by the Ass't. Treasurer 4 A-B-C-D Oct 23, 1865
111271 5000 to the order of Washington Colby-Spinner & countersigned by hand by the Ass't. Treasurer 1 A Dec 7, 1865
with record stub
111276 5000 to the order of New York Colby-Spinner & countersigned by hand by the Ass't. Treasurer 4 A2-B2-C2-D2 Mar 24, 1866
111267 10000 to the order of New York Colby-Spinner & countersigned by hand by the Ass't. Treasurer 1 A Jan 24, 1866
with record stub
1. Blank indicates plates made for the Boston and Philadelphia subtreasuries where the city was written in.
2. Plate numbers from BEP (1865-6). Brackets indicate the plate number was not placed in the lower margin of the plate.
3. Data from BEP (1865-6).
Figure 6. Attached record stubs were included on the one-subject $5000 Washington and $10,000 New York
plates. National Numismatic Collection proof.
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As illustrated on Figure 6, a one-subject $5000 to the order of plate was made for the Treasury
complete with an accounting stub. Notice that both the depositor and payee were to be recorded on the stub,
it being a true check-like certificate of deposit. The $10,000 for New York illustrated on Figure 2 came
with a similar stub.
The Act of 1863 notes were printed on both sides with spectacular orange backs sporting intricate
repetitive geometric designs that resemble Persian rugs. Proofs of all the backs except for the $10,000 reside
in the Smithsonian holdings. The $10,000 is illustrated in Hessler (2004, p. 218) and Hessler and Chambliss
(2006, p. 280) from a die proof held by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing.
Statistics
There are two invaluable summaries for the overall issuances of the Act of 1863 gold certificates.
Table 3 lists the totals for each of the denominations that were issued based on data in the annual Treasurer?s
reports. Table 4 provides a snapshot of the printings for the various issuing offices as of January 24, 1867.
The data in the two tables may appear to be inconsistent. This perception results from the fact that
printings continued after the data on Table 4 were compiled, including an additional 400 $10,000 notes.
The grand total number of notes issued was 309,548, yet 704,000 of them are listed on Table 4 as
having been printed with more printings yet to come. Despite the fact that 704,000 isn?t the final total,
these totals reveal that far more than half of the notes that were printed were never issued during the life
of the series, a startling fact borne out elsewhere in the annual reports. The destroyed notes produced gaps
in the continuity of the serial numbers, thus explaining why serial numbers on the later issued notes can
be higher than the totals listed in Part II of Table 3.
The data on Table 3 demonstrates that the attrition of the notes was horrific. Notice that by 1877,
only 222 of the notes were listed as unredeemed. No $10,000s were outstanding by June 30, 1871, a finding
that makes perfect sense because those notes were in fact checks used to transfer gold, which would have
been promptly exercised upon receipt.
One particularly titillating fact revealed on Table 3 is that Treasurer Spinner allowed eight of each
denomination except the $10,000 to be saved unissued within the Treasurer?s office. Sadly, he reported that
they were destroyed in 1873 (Spinner, 1873, p. 339, 341).
Table 3. Summary statistics for the Act of 1863 gold certificates on June 30, 1871, after the last of the
notes had been issued, supplemented by outstanding amounts for 1873, 1875 and 1877.1
Part I - Dollar amounts:
Den On Hand2 Issued Redeemed Out Jun 30, 1871 Out Jun 30, 1873 Out Jun 30,1875 Out Jun 30, 1877
20 160 960,000 880,300 79,700 43,600 5,500 2,000
100 800 11,644,900 11,009,600 635,300 25,400 12,000 10,000
500 4,000 9,000,000 8,772,000 228,000 6,000 2,500 2,000
1000 8,000 60,000,000 59,792,000 208,000 21,000 16,000 15,000
5000 40,000 323,000,000 322,760,000 240,000 60,000 25,000 15,000
10000 0 25,000,000 25,000,000 0 0 0 0
Totals 52,960 429,604,900 428,213,900 1,391,000 156,000 61,000 44,000
Part II - Numbers of notes:
Den On Hand2 Issued Redeemed Out Jun 30, 1871 Out Jun 30, 1873 Out Jun 30,1875 Out Jun 30, 1877
20 8 48,000 44,015 3,985 2,180 275 100
100 8 116,449 110,096 6,353 254 120 100
500 8 18,000 17,544 456 12 5 4
1000 8 60,000 59,792 208 21 16 15
5000 8 64,600 64,552 48 12 5 3
10000 0 2,500 2,500 0 0 0 0
Totals 40 309,549 298,499 11,050 2,479 421 222
1. Data from Spinner (1871, p. 316; 1873, p. 341), New (1875, p. 496) and Gilfillan (1877, p. 384).
2. Unissued notes saved in the Treasurer's office that were destroyed in 1873 (Spinner, 1873, p. 339, 341).
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A primary value of the data reported on Table 4 is that you can see the printings of the notes for
the various issuing offices. New York handled the vast majority of them and was the only office to utilize
all the denominations.
Printings of $20s and $100s were made for Boston and Philadelphia. Data in Edmund (1869, p.
166) reveals that they had been delivered to the respective offices before March 24, 1867.
The data on the production and issuance of the Act of 1863 gold certificates is quite academic
because the redemption of the notes was so thorough, However, it is obvious that there are potential
discoveries yet to be made. The most likely is a note from Washington. The most exciting would be a
survivor from the Boston or Philadelphia emissions.
Doug Murray has labored over the available data and has made a valiant attempt to deduce the
numbers printed for each of the possible plate varieties. These data appear in Hessler and Chambliss (2007)
and Bowers (2009). His data are revealing, but we have little handle on how many of most varieties actually
were issued.
Figure 7. The Persian rug designs made of repetitive geometric lathe work on the backs of the
1863 gold certificates was nothing short of fantastic. National Numismatic Collection proofs.
Table 4. Act of 1863 gold certificates printed as of January 24, 1867, as per
Edmunds (1869, p. 123-124).
Part I - Dollar amounts:
$20 $100 $500 $1,000 $5,000 $10,000 Totals
Washington 800,000 6,000,000 3,000,000 9,800,000
New York 4,080,000 12,000,000 40,000,000 40,000,000 292,000,000 210,000,000 598,080,000
Boston 400,000 2,000,000 2,400,000
Philadelphia 400,000 2,000,000 2,400,000
Totals 5,680,000 22,000,000 40,000,000 40,000,000 295,000,000 210,000,000 612,680,000
Part II - mb rs of notes:
$20 $100 $500 $1,000 $5,000 $10,000 Totals
Washington 40,000 60,000 0 0 600 0 100,600
New York 204,000 120,000 80,000 40,000 58,400 21,000 523,400
Boston 20,000 20,000 0 0 0 0 40,000
Philadelphia 20,000 20,000 0 0 0 0 40,000
Totals 284,000 220,000 80,000 40,000 59,000 21,000 704,000
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Boston and Philadelphia Issues
The issuance of 1863 gold certificates from Boston and Philadelphia was unknown to numismatics
prior to publication of Bowers? catalog in 2009. Bowers found mention of these printings and deliveries in
Edmonds (1869) during the process of compiling data for that catalog.
The Edmonds? Senate Committee Report owes it origin to a concurrent resolution of the House and
Senate adopted in March, 1867, that contained the following directive.
That the Joint Committee on Retrenchment be, and are hereby, instructed to make a careful and
minute examination of the method adopted by the Treasury Department to print the bonds, notes, and
securities of the United States, what guards have been adopted to prevent fraud or mistake, and what
additional guards, if any, ought to be adopted to prevent fraud or mistake; whether there has been any
fraudulent or erroneous issue of bonds, notes, or coupons, and, if so, by whose fault or negligence, and the
proper remedy and prevention thereof; and especially to examine the official conduct of those charged with
the printing, registration and issuing of any notes, bonds or securities of the United States; and that said
committee have power to sit during the recess of Congress, to send for persons and paper, to examine the
same, to take testimony, and report at the next session of Congress (Edmunds, 1869, p. 1).
The committee was comprised of Republican Senator George F. Edmunds from Vermont,
Democratic Representative Charles R. Buckalew from Pennsylvania, and Republican Representative
George A. Halsey from New Jersey. Their two-year effort, including testimony they received, culminated
in a 436-page report that yields an invaluable snapshot of the National Currency Bureau, which became the
Bureau of Engraving and Printing.
Items documenting the existence of the Boston and Philadelphia 1863 gold certificates included in
the report consist of a reproduction of an audit report of the National Currency Bureau that was ordered by
Secretary of the Treasury Hugh McCulloch on December 17, 1866. Every piece of security paper delivered
from or still in possession of the bureau as of January 24, 1867, was accounted for when work was stopped
for the audit. At that moment, all the Boston and Philadelphia notes listed on Table 4 had been printed
recently and were still in the possession of the bureau. Chief Spencer M. Clark, in written comments
responding the to the audit in a July 31, 1867, letter to McCulloch, also reproduced in the report, attested
to the accuracy of the figures presented in Table 4 (Edmunds, 1869, p. 139-140).
In due course the committee asked Clark to provide a summary of the currency and securities that
passed through his bureau from its inception through March 24, 1867. In that summary, he advised that by
then all the Boston and Philadelphia 1863 gold certificates had been delivered to those subtreasuries
(Edmunds, 1869, p. 166).
The $20 plates listed on Table 2 are subdivided into two groups with headers ?New York? and
?Washington & other Cities? (BEP, 1865-6, p. 153). The plates on Table 2 with blank for the office of issue
Figure 8. This is the only 1863 $100 gold certificate in private hands. Heritage Auction archives
photo.
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are listed in the Washington & other cities group and are obviously the plates used to print the Boston and
Philadelphia notes. Those plates had identical layouts as the Washington plates except Washington was
omitted from them as illustrated on Figure 4. The Assistant Treasurer had to write in the city as he filled
out the notes.
The Definition of Currency and an Opinion
The definition of currency is a medium of exchange for goods and services usually issued by a
government and generally accepted at its face value as a method of payment. In short, it is money with the
expectation that it circulates freely within its region of origin.
The Act of 1863 gold certificates straddle this definition. They were defined in the Act of March
3, 1863, as certificates of deposit. In reality, the $20 through $1000 notes could circulate because they were
payable to the bearer in gold so this qualified them as currency. In contrast, the $5000 and $10,000 notes
were checks purchased with gold or gold bullion deposited by a buyer that were payable in gold to some
recipient. Those notes certainly don?t qualify as currency and they didn?t circulate. All the subsequent Series
of 1870 gold notes and Series of 1875 gold certificates that supplanted them functioned in identical fashion;
that is, as checks used for the transfer of gold between parties.
It is our opinion that the $5000 and $10,000 Act of 1863 gold certificates and all subsequent Series
of 1870 gold notes and Series of 1875, 1888 and 1900 gold certificates do not qualify as bona fide currency.
Acknowledgment
The National Numismatic Collection, source of the photos of the proofs, is housed in the
Smithsonian Institution, American Museum of History, Washington, DC.
References Cited
Bowers, David Q., 2009, Whitman encyclopedia of U. S. paper money: Whitman publishing, 882 p.
Bureau of Engraving and Printing, 1865-6, Record of plates in the plate vault: Record Group 318, entry P1, Ledgers pertaining to
dies, rolls, altos, plates and serial numbers 1863-1980, container 11 (318:450/79/17/01), U. S. National Archives, College
Park, MD.
Dawes, Charles G., 1899, Annual report of the Comptroller of the Currency to the First Session of the Fifty-Sixth Congress of the
United States: Government Printing Office, v. 1, 864 p.
Edmunds, George F., Mar. 3, 1869, United States Securities: Joint Select Committee on Retrenchment, 40th Congress, 3rd Session,
Senate Committee Report 273, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 436 p.
Gengerke, Martin, 2014, The Gengerke census of U. S. large size currency: gengerke@aol.com, on demand.
Gilfillan, James, 1877, Report of the Treasurer; in, Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the state of the finances for the year
1877, Government Printing Office, 585 p.
Figure 9. Series of 1870 uniface gold notes supplanted the 1863 gold certificates. These
currency lookalikes were payable to the order checks purchased through the deposit of gold
with the Treasury by the payer that the payee could redeem for gold. As a class, they were
single-use instruments that generally were thoroughly redeemed. National Numismatic
Collection photo.
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Hessler, Gene, 2004, U. S. essay proof and specimen notes, 2nd edition: BNR Press, Port Clinton, OH, 262 p.
Hessler, Gene, 1988, An illustrated history of U. S. loans: BNR Press, Port Clinton, OH, 378 p.
Hessler, Gene, and Carlson Chambliss, 2006, The comprehensive catalog of U. S. paper money, 7th edition: BNR Press, Port
Clinton, OH, 672 p.
Houston, David F., 1920, Annual report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the state of the finances for the fiscal year ended June
30, 1920: Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1604 p.
Huntoon, Peter, and Jamie Yakes, Jan-Feb 2012, New Deal changes to the legal tender status of currency: Paper Money, v. 51, p.
7-20.
Knox, John K., 1877, Annual report of the Comptroller of the Currency to the Second Session of the Forty-Fifth Congress of the
United States: Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 774 p.
Knox, John K., 1879, Annual report of the Comptroller of the Currency to the Second Session of the Forty-Sixth Congress of the
United States: Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 768 p.
McAdoo, William G., 1917, Annual report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the state of the finances for the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1917: Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 797 p.
Mellon, Andrew W., 1921, Annual report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the state of the finances for the fiscal year ended June
30, 1921: Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1067 p.
Mellon, Andrew W., 1922, Annual report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the state of the finances for the fiscal year ended June
30, 1922: Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 976 p.
New John C., 1875, Report of the Treasurer; in, Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the state of the finances for the year
1875, Government Printing Office, 852 p.
Spinner, Francis E., 1869, Report of the Treasurer; in, Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the state of the finances for the
year 1869, Government Printing Office, 498 p.
Spinner, Francis E., 1871, Report of the Treasurer; in, Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the state of the finances for the
year 1871, Government Printing Office, 558 p.
Figure 10. $500 and $1000 1863 gold certificates were issued only by the New York subtreasury. National
Numismatic Collection proofs.
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
19
Spinner, Francis E., 1873, Report of the Treasurer; in, Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the state of the finances for the
year 1873, Government Printing Office, 720 p.
United States Statutes, various dates, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Newspapers Cited in order of dates
Brooklyn Union, Oct 20, 1865, Financial and Commercial, p. 1.
New York Times, Oct 21, 1865, p. 3.
New York Times, Oct 28, 1865, The new gold certificates, p. 10.
Hartford Courant, Nov 2, 1865, The new gold certificates, p. 3.
Detroit Free Press, Nov 6, 1865, From Washington, p. 4.
Baltimore Sun, Nov 10, 1865, From Washington, Treasury Circular, p. 1.
New York Times, Nov 10, 1865, p. 3.
New York Times, Nov 16, 1865, p. 2.
Philadelphia Inquirer, Nov 20, 1865, Financial affairs, p. 2.
Chicago Tribune, Nov 28, 1865, From New York, p. 1.
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
20
?DESERET CURRENCY ASSOCIATION?
DISCOVERY $10 ENGRAVING PLATE
by Douglas Nyholm
I was recently contacted and received an image of a $10 engraving plate from the Deseret Currency Associa-
tion which was heretofore unknown. Presently printed notes from the second series of engraved notes were
known only in the denominations of $1, $2, $3, and $5. There has never even been a rumor of any other de-
nominations existing. Although this discovery item is the engraving plate, and no printed notes have yet come
to light, it is a definite relic that at least plans were in place for a possible printing of this denomination.
To begin with, a bit of history about the Deseret Currency Association
should be discussed. The ?State of Deseret? was formed about two years
after the arrival of the ?Saints? into the Great Salt Lake valley in 1847 with
their leader, Brigham Young. The Mormons were continually active with
the issuance of currency beginning in Kirtland Ohio, then from Nauvoo Illi-
nois, and finally from Salt Lake. The ?Deseret Currency Association? was
organized in January 1858. Its primary purpose was to relieve the lack of
circulating currency in ?Deseret? and to fund the defense against the U.S.
Army which was enroute to Salt Lake. Brigham Young was sure that the
army?s intentions were to remove himself as Governor, halt the practice of
polygamy, and end the Mormon?s dominance over economics and political
affairs in the territory. Capitol was desperately needed as there were no
banks in the territory and the only circulating specie was a small amount of
DISCOVERY $10 DESERET CURRENCY ASSOCIATION PLATE (IMAGE REVERSED)
BRIGHAM YOUNG
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
22
circulating U.S. money in addition to a
few remaining re-issued Kirtland bank-
notes and a small number of Mormon
gold coins available.
Thus, the first issue of The Deseret Cur-
rency Association?s currency was con-
sisting of typeset denominations hastily
printed in the denominations of $1, $2,
$3, $5, $10, $20, $50 and $100. These
were printed uniface on very thin paper
issued with the notation ?Good Only in
this Territory.? This issue was later a
target for the now infamous counter-
feiter Mark Hofmann in the early
1980?s who researched records to determine the denominations which were issued. Presently only the $1 and
$2 denominations plus a unique $3 are known to have survived as authenticated genuine specimens. Hofmann
created forgeries of all the higher denominations. These typeset original Type 1 denominations were issued
quickly due to the urgent need and the higher quality engraved examples were planned but the copper plates
would not be available for several months.
Later in the year the engraved copper plates
were prepared. The plates indicate that the
?drawer,? or designer was Henry Maiben and the ?engraver? was David McKenzie as noted in small font at the
lower edge. It is also well documented that plates for denominations of $1, $2, $3, and $5 were prepared as
well as surviving known printed notes of all four denomi-
nations. This recently discovered copper printing plate for
a $10 denomination for the Deseret Currency Association
is therefor an extraordinary find. Up to this time there has
not been any informsion that such a denomination was con-
templated let alone a printing plate created.
DESERET CURRENCY PRINTING TIME-LINE
The Deseret Currency Association in a meeting with
Brigham Young on January 19, 1958 was organized with
Brigham Young as President, Daniel H. Wells as Treasurer
and Hiram B. Clawson the secretary. Two days later
Brigham Young gave directions to David McKenzie to en-
grave printing plates. The plates would take some time to
PRINTED TYPE CURRENCY / HAND SIGNED
ENGRAVED $5 / VERY RARE
DESERET NEWS OFFICE 1858
ENGRAVED SIGNATURES
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
23
finish and Young felt the urgency to have a circulating currency printed quickly. It was back in July of 1857
that they learned that the government had dispatched Johnston?s army with over 5,000 troops. Thus, currency
was urgently needed for defense spending. These first notes were printed at the Deseret News office in Salt
Lake on February 19th, 1858. On February 19th there were 200 $1 notes, 200 $2 notes and 200 $3 notes print-
ed. The next day on February 20th $5, $10, and $20 notes were printed along with additional $1, $2?s, and
$3?s. The printing of notes in Salt Lake occurred sporadically until March 27th after which the printing press
and operations moved south to the city of Fillmore. Printing resumed there on March 31st and continued thru
July 17th. Most of these first printed notes were signed personally by Brigham Young with the additional sig-
nature of H.B. Clawson. The printing at sometime in this process was enhanced to include the printed signa-
ture of Brigham Young and both signed and printed signature types are available to collectors today. Printing
continued thru March which included all denominations totaling $40,146 face. The printing in Fillmore com-
menced and between March 31st and April 26th over 10,000 notes were printed with a face value of $26,753.
This would indicate that the majority of notes were of smaller denominations. After the printing in Fillmore
ended which brought an end to the printed issues, operations then moved in late summer of 1858, moving back
to Salt Lake City where the now completed engraved plates were ready for use. The first engraved notes were
printed on September 9th and consisted of 600 $1, 200 $2, and 350 $3 notes. Subsequent printing occurred
through October 9th with the addition of
400 $5 notes. These engraved notes were
printed by Joseph Bull at The Deseret
New office in Salt Lake City. The total
face value of both printed and engraved
notes of the
Deseret Curren-
cy Association
totaled
$95,110. The
vast majority
were redeemed and
burned especially the
earlier printed types as
they are quite rare to-
day.
The lower denominations of the engraved
notes bore allegorical figures of Indians and
pioneers with the central vignette of various
animals. This changed with the issuance of the
$5 denomination which depictrd portraits of
Millard Filmore on the left and George Wash-
ington on the right. The $10 plate depicted Mor-
mon leaders with Parley P. Pratt on the left and
Willard Richards on the right. Willard Richards served as second counselor to President Brigham Young from
1847 until his death in 1854, Parley P. Pratt was an early convert to the Church and leader holding many posi-
tions until his death in 1857. It may be possible that this plate was intended to be a sort of commemorative or
tribute to these two Church leaders. It appears that this plate was not completely finished as the portrait of
Willard Richards as first glance appears to be worn but its engraving is shallow and incomplete. The engraved
signature of Brigham Young is strong and intact and also matches similar signatures on the other known en-
ENGRAVED $1, $2, and $3 NOTES
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
24
graved denominations. The engraving also mimics the exact wording on the other denominations. The Plate
Letter which is present on the other denominations is not immediately visible on the plate. Possibly it is hid-
den to the right of the T in Deseret where there is a large dark spot, or as the plate appears to be unfinished it
may not have yet been applied. Finally, the engraved signatures of Maiben and McKenzie are not visible or
present at the lower edge of the plate.
First, a little history of copper printing plates which were created during this time in Salt Lake. Prior to the
discovery of this $10 plate no other copper engraving plates were known to exist except for a $2 plate created
for the ?Utah Territory Mercantile Company? presumable by the same engraver, David McKenzie, as his sig-
nature appears at the bottom left of the printed $3 note of this type. Approximately 10-15 years ago a copper
plate was sold at auction for a $2 denomination from the Utah Territory Mercantile Company. This brings to
two, the number of Utah copper engraved pates known today. There are also no known printed notes known to
have been printed or have survived from this $2 plate.
The above mentioned $2 plate was auctioned by Stacks on October 16th, 2007. Their auction description for
Lot 3201 is reprinted here verbatim.
Mercantile Currency, Great Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, Single Impression Copper Plate to Print
Two Dollars Notes. Ca. 1858-1862. Extremely Fine. Uniface copper plate Single impression with wide bor-
ders and sightly beveled edges. Impression surface, standard banknote size. 172mm b 72mm. Outside plate
dimensions 188mm by 94mm. Fairly thick copper and strongly engraved intaglio with imprint of David
McKenzie, G.S.L. City at bottom left. The design for this Two Dollars impression plate is similar to the
known (and very rare) reprints taken from the Three dollar denomination plate (whereabouts unknown to us),
Custom vignette for series of an army encampment with headquarters, flagpole, and several tents for the
?Grunts?. Soldiers and officers in the foreground. Identical end panels with ?2? cunter at the center and each
corner with smaller ?2? counters. At the top, large ?UTAH TERRITORY? with smaller ?On Presentation-of
Five Dollars? split by text. Across the center and under vignette, ?Mercantile Currency? with obligation below:
??.Two Dollars in U.S. Currency.? Engraved city lower left and space to right for date ?18__? and one signa-
ture. Capitalization of ?$200,000? in both bottom corners, Similar in style to Rust Figure 105 (page 93). An
awe inspiring copper plate and absolutely unique to our knowledge. Obviously, the Three Dollar plate ex-
isted (still extant?) since pulls were once taken from it. We can conjecture a One Dollar note on this series was
MERCANTILE CURRENCY COPPER PLATE (Image reversed)
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
25
proposed as well. We and no one else have seen issued notes of contemporary remainders from this se-
ries. This is a sensational piece of Utah Territory numismatics and one of the first copper plates engraved
in the American West. Interestingly, Alvin Rust assigns this plate and series as a non-Mormon issue. How-
ever, it appears logical that this may be Mormon created. Since McKenzie was arrested for the Deseret Cur-
rency Association note engraving he did in 1858 and Johnston?s Army in Utah was there to fight a potential
was against the Mormons, it would seem unlikely for McKenzie to engrave for the Federals. The ?Mercantile?
title is more ?Mormon? in philosophy than as a Military note issue. The vignette is unusual with the American
flag and encampment though and is similar in style to some of the fancy Northern Sutler issues (see Ford X).
Obviously, the series is worthy of great study. The plate itself is superb condition. It is exceptionally clean
with wonderful surfaces. The only trivial discolorations are on the far perimeter of the margin surfaces and a
patch at the right center. This museum piece might very well be the highlight of the Ford XX Sale. The
fact that it is priceless is a point that will never be in dispute.
A notation at the end of the above description states: ?Ex. Lawrence Falater, January 25, 1962?
The price realized for this plate was $27,600.00.
Obviously, there were more plates created and several of these are
mentioned in research into the ongoing problems Brigham Young
was having with the Government in 1858. Marshall Peter K. Dot-
son who was installed in the territory arrested David McKenzie on
July 9, 1859 for counterfeiting and sup-
posedly confiscated a number of copper
engraving plates and other material. They
were taken from the Deseret Store which
was a tithing office operated by John T.
Caine. Marshall Dotson later attempted to
return the plates to Brigham Young who
refused them stating that they had been
damaged. Young, filed suit and was
awarded $1,668 for the damage incurred
and an additional $648.66 in court costs. This judgement was not paid, and Marshall
Dotson?s home was confiscated in lieu of this. It is unknown and undocumented whatever became of the
plates and property which was seized. This was not the end of the accusations and counterfeiting woes for
Brigham Young and David McKenzie. Also, in the fall of 1859 a conflict between the citizens of Utah and
the army at Camp Floyd developed. A group of men at Camp Floyd which included prominent men named
M. Brewer and J.M. Wallace conspired to counterfeit quartermaster order(s) on St. Louis and New York.
They supposedly employed David McKenzie to create the plates which was quickly done. Their plot was
soon discovered, and M. Brewer was arrested and implemented Brigham Young from whose workshop was
used by David McKenzie to accomplish the work. These plates were also seized by Dotson along with the
Deseret Currency plates. Brewers plan was to get both Young and McKenzie arrested but ultimately only Da-
vid McKenzie was arrested and found guilty. He was sentenced to prison for two years. What these St. Louis
David McKenzie
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
26
and New York orders were exactly is unknown but it does lead one to believe that the copper plate entitled the
Utah Territory Mercantile Currency showing a picture of Camp Floyd on it may have been involved. It is
speculated that this Mercantile Currency was intended to circulate as counterfeit currency among the Army
troops to cause problems with Johnson?s army.
Enter Judge John Cradlebaugh, who served in Utah during 1858 and was an outspoken
critic of the Mormons. He made a speech in Washington D.C. before the house of
Representatives on February 7, 1863. During this speech he outlined the above de-
tails regarding the seizure of the material (Plates) from Brigham Young?s workshop
and the involvement of David McKenzie. He also mentioned the counterfeit quarter-
master plates also involving McKenzie and produced and waived in his hand during
his speech the two copper plates which he stated were produced in Utah to promulgate
forgery and counterfeiting against the U.S. Government.
This plays directly into the discovery of at least the $10 Deseret Currency Associations printing plate which
was discovered at a location in Washington D.C. As far as the other Mercantile plate there is no provenance
to trace as to its discovery or whereabouts but since there are only two copper engraving plates known to exist
from Utah and Cradlebaugh displayed two copper plates before congress in 1863 the association is strong that
these could very well be the two plates.
How did this discovery plate come to be found? To begin with, it was found in the basement rafters of a
house located at 10th St. SW in Washington D.C. It appeared at a small local auction in the area in early 2020
Where it was purchased by the present owner. The consignor obtained it from her grandfather who was living
in the house until 1954. He passed it on because she was interested in history. The house was built in 1909 on
a vacant lot purchased in that same year. The house functioned as a boarding house with residents employed
in the Washington D.C. area and is located about 1 mile from a local Mormon Church. The ability to trace
who may have placed it into the rafters is probably impossible since from the speech in 1863 to at least 1909
with the house was built there is an untraceable gap. It seems to possibly have had some connection either
with some Mormons or a political figure who may have be connected to Cradlebaugh who was the last person
to be traced to the plate.
SUMMARY
The importance of this discovery cannot be overstated. It is a significant remnant of a tumultuous time in the
history of the Mormons early history in the Salt Lake valley. It also ties this newly found copper engraving to
the first copperplate engraving of the Mercantile Currency which was completed in the western territories of
the fledging United States. Although not 100% verified it is certainly strong evidence of the illegal counter-
feiting efforts to undermine the U.S. Army troops sent to Deseret. It is also an amazing artifact from the sec-
ond type of the Deseret Currency Association, which was the only currency ever issued in the United States to
be backed by livestock and a denomination that was never known to have been documented or even planned.
I am pleased to be able to bring this part of history to light not only to historians but collectors alike. It is one
more instance that with history, not everything is known, and new discoveries are still waiting to be brought to
light.
John Cradlebaugh
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
27
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Grand Watermelon
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Fr. 183c $500 1863 L.T.
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No County for Old Men, or their Money:
Robert Tuggle and the 1862 Notes from Campbell County, Georgia
by Charles Derby
Most money from the Civil War era became obsolete at the war?s end. So it was for the 1862 notes from
Campbellton, Campbell County, Georgia, an example of which is shown below. But these notes are even more
obsolete than most from that era because with the passage of time, not only did the men and institutions associated
with the notes pass, but the town and county themselves disappeared. This article tells the story of Robert James
Tuggle, the Campbell County treasurer who helped create and sign these notes, and of Campbellton and
Campbell County.
When the Campbell County notes were produced in 1862, Campbellton was the county seat of Campbell County.
Today, Campbell County is gone, Campbellton is but an unincorporated community next to the Chattahoochee
River in the southwest corner of Fulton County, and only a few historic sites and buildings remind us of
Campbellton?s once prominence in this corner of the world. How did Campbellton come to this?
Campbellton Before the Civil War
Campbell County was named for Colonel Duncan G. Campbell, who participated in the negotiations leading to
the Treaty of Indian Springs, which in 1825 ceded this land from the Creek Nation to Georgia. Campbell County
was established by the Georgia Legislature in 1828, formed from parts of Carroll, Coweta, DeKalb, and
Fayette counties. Campbellton was established from land owned by Judge Francis Irwin and was designated
as Campbell County?s seat in 1829. In 1853, Fulton County became Campbell County?s neighbor to the northeast,
being created from the western half of DeKalb County (Figure 2). Campbell County?s original wooden courthouse
was built in 1829 and was replaced with a beautiful brick courthouse in 1835, shown in Figure 2. By the beginning
of the Civil War, Campbellton had become a thriving town of 1,200 people and Campbell County had over
8,000 residents.1, 2, 3
Figure 1. 50 cent note from Campbell County, Georgia, signed by ?Robert J Tuggle? as Treasurer
(?Tr?) for the County?s Soldiers? Relief Fund. The note is from Campbellton, the county seat of the
time, and hand dated November 1, 1862. Courtesy of Mack Martin.
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
29
Robert Tuggle and the Making of the Campbell County 1862 Notes
Before the War
Robert James Tuggle was born in Stone Mountain, Georgia, on December 18, 1820. Following in the footstep
of his father, James Lodowick Tuggle, Robert became a lawyer and was admitted to the bar in September 1843
in Decatur, Georgia.4 Robert Tuggle moved to Campbellton and for the rest of his life lived in and served the
Campbellton community. Professionally, he was Campbellton?s attorney, so he spent much time in
Campbellton?s courthouse. He was a lifelong member of Campbellton?s Methodist Church and was founding
secretary of the Masonic Lodge in 1848. From 1849 to 1852, he was Colonel for the Campbell County?s
contingent of the Georgia Militia, which, according to the old militia organization of the state of Georgia,
Campbell County provided the 73rd Regiment of the state militia. At the age of 32, he married an 18-year-
old local girl, Caroline Francis Bomar (born June 17, 1835), in Campbell County on July 20, 1853. They lived
next to Tuggle Creek, which runs by the Methodist Church cemetery on its way into the Chattahoochee River. They
had five children by 1862, though only three survived past their first year. Tuggle represented Campbell County
in the Georgia House of Representative in 1859 and 1960.5 By 1860, Robert achieved a comfortable life
with $1,000 real estate and $3,000 personal estate, and had one of Caroline?s brothers reading law with him. Then
came the Civil War, and things turned upside down.
Figure 2. Map of Georgia from 1864 showing Campbell and surrounding counties. From Ref 1. Old Campbell
County Courthouse in Campbellton, built in 1835 and was used as the courthouse until 1870 when the county
seat moved to Fairburn. This photograph was taken in 1914 just before it was dismantled by Robert Cook
and its bricks were used to build a barn. From Ref 3.
Figure 3. Robert James Tuggle and Caroline Francis Bomar Tuggle. From Ancestry.com
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
30
Tu ggl e?s Service and S acrif ic es du ring the Wa r
The Campbell County Notes of 1862. The impact of the first years of the War on Georgia was mostly in terms of
people and money, since the fighting was largely in other parts of the country. Tuggle was 40 years old at the
start of the war, and with a family of three young children and a wife and with no conscription laws in 1862, he
did not participate in the fighting in the early stages of the war. But as Treasurer of Campbell County and its
Soldiers? Relief Fund, Tuggle contributed to the war effort, and, relevant to the interest of numismatists, helped
produce the Campbell County notes of 1862. The notes bear no imprint, so the printer of these notes is not
known. Four denominations of these notes were printed: $2, $1, 50 cent, and 25 cent. The notes promised that
?Campbell County will pay to the bearer [the amount of the denomination] in bankable currency the first day of
January 1863 on presentation to the Treasurer of the Soldiers? Fund, in sums of Five Dollars or its multiple? and
also that the notes are ?Receivable in Payment of County Dues.? Despite having only four denomination, five types
of notes are known, all listed by Anderson and Marsh. 6 This is because there are two types of $1 notes, which
differ in the design surrounding the text ?Receivable in Payment of County Dues? on the left end of the notes.
These five note types are shown in Figure 4 and their features are summarized in Table 1. Actually, there are
four types of designs surrounding the ?Receivable? text: one design for the $2 notes, two designs for the two
types of $1 notes, and a fourth design used for both the 50 cent and 25 cent notes. Besides having two design types,
the $1 notes differ from the other denominations in another way: the $1 notes are to be presented to the treasurer
of ?the Soldiers? Relief Fund? whereas the other denominations are to be presented to the treasurer of ?the
Soldiers? Fund.? All of the notes of a given denomination were signed on a different day.
Thus, the $2, $1, 50 cent, and 25 cent notes were signed on Oct 25, Oct 28, Nov 1, and Nov 5, respectively. All
notes that I have seen were hand signed as ?Robt J Tuggle Tr? as shown in Figure 4, with one exception: a 50-cent
note, signed ?Robert J Tuggle Tr? shown in Figure 1. I know of no record of the number of plate sheets printed,
but the highest serial number of any note that I have seen is 1989. I know of one to six examples of each note
type. I propose that a sheet consisted of notes of only one denomination of one plate letter, rather than the more
common situation of a sheet consisting of notes of different denominations and different plate letters. This could
explain why all notes of a given denomination were signed on the same day, why notes of different
denominations were signed on different days, and why there were two designs of the $1 (for example, if the set
plates for printing a sheet of $1 notes needed replacing, they generated a second set of plates with a slightly
different design).
Table 1. Types of Campbell County 1862 Notes
Denomination Design (Left End) Plate Letter Date
$2 Design 1 A Oct 25 1862
$1 Design 2 B Oct 28 1862
$1 Design 3 B Oct 28 1862
50 cent Design 4 C Nov 1 1862
25 cent Design 4 D Nov 5 1862
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
31
War Service Twice Over. Robert Tuggle served in the military in two capacities during the war. His first service
was in command of home troops defending Campbellton. Tuggle wrote a letter to Adjutant and Inspector-General
Henry C. Wayne on July 20th, 1863. Wayne was appointed to his position by Governor Joseph Brown. In this
capacity, Wayne organized the structure of the army of Georgia, supervised Georgia's Quartermaster General,
and was in charge of staffing of Georgia troops guarding crossings along the Chattahoochee River. Tuggle?s
letter was in response to a requisition by Wayne and the Governor for Tuggle to form a local militia of 160
volunteers. In his letter, Tuggle attempted to clarify how the draft policy of the Confederate government would
impact his efforts to form a company of state guard from Campbell County. Immediately pursuant to this letter,
in August he organized Company B of the 7th Regiment of the Georgia State Guards and was appointed to the rank
of Captain. The 7th Regiment was organized as two battalions, and Company B was under the command of Col.
George N. Lester. Tuggle?s company was named ?Butt Avengers,? and it served as the local defense force in
Campbellton. It was organized for a six-month period, and so it was disbanded in February 1864. But this
did not end Tuggle?s war service.
Figure 4. Notes from Campbell County, 1862. Courtesy of Gary Doster and Mack Martin.
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
32
On April 9, 1864, Tuggle was appointed by Governor Joseph Brown and General Wayne as Judge Advocate
with the rank of Major. The document of appointment is shown in Figure 5.
Judge Advocates are legal advisors to the
commander of their military unit. They provide
all types of legal advice related to civilian and
military law, and they also serve as prosecutors
in court-martial cases. It was in his capacity of
Judge Advocate that Tuggle wrote a letter on
June 5th, 1864, to fellow Judge Advocate, Major
William Kirkland de Graffenried. (William de
Graffenried is an interesting character; for a brief
biography of him, see footnote 7.) The text of this
letter is quoted below, because it provides a
window into the heart, mind, and soul of Robert
Tuggle. He wrote this letter while he was on
furlough immediately following the death of his
wife, Caroline, on May 28. In this letter, Tuggle
describes the impact of his wife?s death on him,
his concerns about the continued fighting, and his
wishes for peace. The letter shows Tuggle?s
spirit, strength of character, and intellect. Here is a
transcript of that letter:
?Campbellton Ga June 5th / 64 W K
DeGroffenreid [sic de Graffenried] Dear Sir when
I left you yesterday was one week ago. I then
thought I should have been back by this time but
such is not true. The death of my wife leaves me
three small children the eldest of which is not ten
years of age. The servants I had was hired except
a woman. The owners of them have taken them
away and run them out of the way of the enemy.
So my three small children have no one to see after
them but an old servant woman when I am present.
I have written for a widow sister of mine to come
and stay with my children. have heard nothing from
her. I desire to remain with them untill [sic] she
can come or I hear from her. The people are again
excited here as we now hear Gen?l Johnson [sic
Joseph Johnston] moved his left wing of his army
towards the right and the Yankees are now
reported to have again appeared about Dallas on
yesterday about 1 o?clock PM said to be Cavalry, I
suppose a raid or foraging party. The refugees are
again [?oping] through and some stopping here.
Our County this side the river is now filled with
them. There is not provisions and forage for them
and their stock here. What the people are to do I
know not. Oh, that this cruel and desolating war
could terminate and let us have repose but I see
no signs from any quarter that such a glorious
event is now near. Major, the people [grasping] for
peace. They would hail it with as much joy as the
patriarch Jacob did that his favorite son Joseph
was alive in Egypt. It would be the most
Figure 5. Document appointing Robert Tuggle as Judge
Advocate, signed by Adjunct General Henry Wayne (left)
and Governor Joseph Brown (right).
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
33
[reassuring?] news to me that ever greeted my ear. Shall I ever hear
it God only knows. I am fully satisfied that it is to come by
adjustment through diplomacy fighting will not bring it we are not
as near to it as we were when the first battle gun was fired. Oh, will
the people come to a proper sense of justice reason together and cease
slaying each other for naught, I pray they may so act soon. I know
that my furlough gives me leave of absence until further orders but
its [sic] my heart?s desire to be with you and the Gen?l to discharge
my duty. I know you will attend to all my matters. I trust the men
may so act that not much court martialing will be required. With
due regard to yourself, the Gen?l and other of the staff officers, I
subscribe myself. Yours, Robt. J. Tuggle.?
After this letter, fighting around Campbellton and the rest of
Campbell County only intensified. The most significant fighting in
the area occurred on July 16, 17, and18 and August 17 and 29. (For
reference, General Johnston was replaced by Hood on July 17, and
Gen. Hood withdrew troops from Atlanta on September 1.) While
Sherman?s army was still in the area, Union troops occupied homes in
Campbellton. From this time till the end of the war and beyond,
Georgia was forever changed.
Robert Tuggle and Campbell County After The War
Despite losing most of his wealth by the end of the War, Robert Tuggle
tried to resume a normal life. He returned to Campbellton and
continued to live and work as an attorney. Eighteen months after
Caroline?s death and seven months after the end of the War, Robert remarried, on October 11, 1865. His new wife,
Naomi Louvina Duggan (called ?Lucy? by many), was 21 years his junior, being born on September 4, 1841, in
Campbell County.
In 1870, Campbellton received what would become a second major blow, this one the knockout. That year, the
northern part of Campbell County was ceded to form a new county, Douglas, and what remained of Campbell
County moved its county seat from Campbellton to Fairburn, 15 miles to the southeast. This shift of county
seats occurred because the Atlanta & West Point Railroad was building a line through Campbell County, and the
Railroad decided to run it through Fairburn instead of Campbellton. This was likely for either of two reasons.
Campbellton residents reportedly did not want the railroad line to go through their town because of the noise and
disturbance that it would produce. But also, ?a quick look at the terrain on the banks of the Chattahoochee reveals
some pretty rough country for railroad building while the natural ridge at Fairburn is flat and inviting. Thus it
seems unlikely that the opinions of the citizens of Campbellton had much influence on the survey of the Atlanta
and West Point Railroad.?8 So, the railroad line was built through Fairburn instead of Campbellton, and Fairburn
became the seat of Campbell County. A new courthouse was built in Fairburn, and the old courthouse in
Campbellton, and the town itself, began an irrevocable downward slide.
Despite these poor economic conditions, Campbellton was Robert and Lucy?s home, and they raised eight children
there. Robert died on April 30, 1898, at the age of 77, and his last will and testament dated, January 22, 1898,
Robert gave all his possessions to his ?beloved wife? Lucy. But there wasn?t much to give: a $300 note plus
interest for land in Campbellton, and their shared possessions. Robert was buried in the Campbellton Methodist
Cemetery, in a family plot with Caroline, an infant unnamed child (b. July 28, d. August 8, 1856), and son
George Lee Tuggle (b. 1870, d 1895). These Tuggle?s share the cemetery with others from Campbellton, and also
with Confederate and Union casualties of the War. The Tuggle plot marker (Figure 7) reads for Robert, ?An
honest man?s the noblest work of God,? and for Caroline, ?The jewels death has robbed us of ? We will find on
the other side.? After Robert?s death, Lucy lived for a few years in Campbellton with son Harvey (b. 1879,
d. 1923). They moved from Campbellton to Texas in 1901, and when Harvey married a Texan girl, Lucy moved
back to Campbell County, but not to Campbellton. Instead, she moved to Fairburn, to live with daughter Elizabeth
(Elizabeth S. Tuggle Miller; b. 1875, d. 1933) and her husband. Lucy died in 1917 in Fairburn, and she was
buried in Bethlehem Baptist Church there, 15 miles from the resting place of Robert and Caroline.
By 1932, Campbell County itself disappeared, when it was incorporated by Fulton County. Little of old
Campbellton survives today: Campbellton Methodist Church and its cemetery, the Campbellton Baptist Church
Figure 6. First page of a two-page letter
from Robert Tuggle to William K. de
Graffenried, June 5th 1864.
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
34
Cemetery, the Masonic Lodge, and a few other buildings1, 2. The old county courthouse at Campbellton slid
into disrepair and was demolished in 1914, and its bricks were used for other purposes. But some of old
Campbellton remains: Tuggle Creek still flows into the Chattahoochee River (Fig. 7); and a couple of dozen pieces
of fragile paper in the form of 1862 Campbell County notes still connect us to a time when Campbellton and
Campbell County were prominent parts of Georgia.
References and Footnotes
1 http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/counties/campbell
2 http://oldcampbellcounty.com/index.htm
3 http://www.panoramio.com/photo/86350071
4 Ulman, H. Charles. 1872. Record and Official Register of the United States. A. S. Barnes & Co., New
York.
5 Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Georgia at the Annual Session of the General Assembly.
1859 and 1860. Boughton, Nisbet & Barnes, State Printer. Milledgeville, Georgia.
6 Anderson, Carl A., and Marsh, David. Georgia Obsolete Currency.
www.davidmarsh.com
7 William Kirkland de Graffenried (1821-1873): He was from a prominent lineage that included Baron
Christopher de Graffenried, who immigrated from Switzerland to escape religious persecution and to North
Carolina to help found New Bern. William grew up in Columbus, Georgia. He went to Yale College in 1838 but
was expelled due to dueling. He graduated from the University of North Carolina, became a lawyer, and moved to
Macon, Georgia. He married Mary H. Marsh, in 1847. He became a successful attorney, was a judge on Macon
circuit (1851-1855), and was politically active. As tensions between the North and South mounted, he opposed
secession, but later acquiesced as did so many others when war was inevitable. Governor Joseph Brown
appointed William to his cabinet. William?s service in the war closely paralleled that of Robert Tuggle. He
served in Macon?s State Guard as 3rd Lieutenant, Company B, 14th Battalion, Georgia Infantry, beginning in
August 1863. Governor Brown and General Wayne appointed him Judge Advocate with the rank of Major, and
he served with Robert Tuggle in this capacity. Like Tuggle, William lost most of his wealth during the war.
His daughter, Clare, is more famous than William: she was an historian, women's rights activist, and writer on
labor conditions in the United States. After the war, William served prominently as local counsel to two
Georgia railroads, the Georgia Southwestern and the Georgia Central. He died in Macon in 1873 and is buried
in Rose Hill Cemetery. References: 1) Hughes, Nathaniel Cheairs. 2008. Yale's Confederates: A Biographical
Dictionary. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. 2) Whites, Leeann. 2016. Gender Matters: Race, Class and
Sexuality in the Nineteenth-Century South. Springer Press. 3) http://www.degraffenreid.org. 4) Scarborough,
William Sanders. 2005. The Autobiography of William Sanders Scarborough: An American Journey from Slavery
to Scholarship. Wayne State University Press. 5) James, Edward T., James, Janet Wilson, and Boyer, Paul S. 1971.
Notable American Women, 1607-1950: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume 3. Radcliffe College. Harvard
University Press. 6) http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ga/county/fulton/columbushistory/ pg%20001-100.pdf
8 https://patch.com/georgia/douglasville/our-history-the-forgotten-town-of- Campbelltown
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
35
50th Anniversary!
The End of
Legal Tender Notes
The Treasury Department stopped issuing $100 United States notes on January 21, 1971. This
brought to a close the longest running class of United States currency. This is the 50th anniversary of that
event.
The purpose of this article is to explain why and how this took place.
Background
United States notes, usually referred to as legal tender notes, were circulating Civil War debt. The
first of them was authorized by Congress on February 25, 1862, as an emergency Civil War measure to
provide the Treasury with money primarily to support the war effort. At the time, the Treasury was for all
practical purposes bankrupt and it had suspended specie payments to conserve what little gold it could
accumulate, mostly through borrowing, in order to pay interest on its debts.
The Greenbacks as they were called were in effect little bonds that paid no interest that promised
to pay the bearer dollars of unspecified value at some unspecified future date. They were fiat money but,
having been awarded legal tender status by Congress, creditors had to accept them from debtors.
The notes were sharply discounted against gold coin until January
1, 1879, when, through a deadline set in an Act of Congress passed
January 14, 1875, the Treasury would exchange them for gold coin.
They were considered cheap, soft, inflationary money by mostly eastern
hard money financiers yet were embraced by laborers and farmers who
saw them as a means to easier credit so that they could prosper as well.
Figure 1. $2 Legal tender notes
ceased being printed in 1966.
Heritage auction archives
photo.
The Paper
Column
Peter Huntoon
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
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Western and southern interests felt they were essential in allowing their economies to develop.
Thus, the United States notes became highly politicized to the point that their use caused splits
within the major political parties that resulted in vacillating policies and legislation. The sound money
faction wanted the Treasury to redeem them as rapidly as possible whereas the soft money types were happy
to live with them forever. The staunchest supporters of the greenback currency broke from their respective
parties and formed the Greenback Party and fielded their own presidential candidate in 1876. Generally,
Treasury officials with occasional prodding from Congress desired to redeem them as quickly as possible,
but the will to do so waxed and waned as did their total outstanding circulation.
Republican Rutherford Hayes took office in March 1877 and appointed John Sherman Secretary of
the Treasury. The House had a Democratic majority; the Senate split 38 Republicans, 37 Democrats and
one independent. Sherman pursued a policy to continue redemption of the greenbacks but the Greenback
faction in Congress took a potent stand against redemption. On May 31, 1878, Hayes signed a bill pushed
through Congress requiring the Secretary of the Treasury to cease redeeming legal tender notes from
circulation forthwith and to replace those that wore out in circulation thereafter. Even Sherman supported
the bill. (Hepburn, 1924).
The outstanding greenbacks stood at $346,681,016 when Hayes signed the bill. That circulation
was maintained by the Treasury until $24,142,000 was written off as irretrievably lost leaving
$322,539,016. The write-off consisted of $24,000,000 in November 1964 and $142,000 in June 1966
pursuant to the Old Series Currency Adjustment Act of June 30, 1961 (Barr, 1967, p. 19). Left was
$322,539,016 of Civil War debt passed down to 1971 in the form of money with distinctive red seals in our
wallets.
Figure 2. The phaseout of issuance of legal tender notes to the public began during the tenure of Secretary of
the Treasury Henry H. Fowler (left) in office April 1, 1965-December 20, 1968, under president Johnson; and
was completed during the tenure of Secretary David M. Kennedy (right) in office January 22, 1969-February
10, 1971, under President Nixon. Wikipedia photos.
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The Small Note Era
Only Federal Reserve and legal tender notes were current in 1970. On June 30 there were
$54,494,462,000 worth of Federal Reserve notes and $322,539,016 of legal tenders. The legal tenders
amounted to only 0.59 percent of the total (Kennedy, 1970, Table 56).
Although $322 million was a huge amount of money during the Civil War era, thanks to inflation
it was a drop in the bucket in 1971 when the national debt stood at $400 billion (The Street.com),
The mandated circulation of the legal tender notes was nothing but a nuisance for the Treasury and
all the Federal Reserve banks, primarily because they had to be sorted from the stream of worn notes that
were redeemed by the Treasury and the banks. Of course, their use also entailed extra printing and
bookkeeping expenses.
One way the Treasury minimized the inconvenience of the legal tenders was to issue them in $2
and $5 denominations after 1949. All the $2s in circulation were legal tenders so they required no sorting
during redemption. However, the $5s remained a thorn in the sides of the sorters because the huge volume
of $5s containing a tiny fraction of them.
The Treasury discontinued the $2s in 1966 followed by the $5s in 1968. After discontinuance of
the $5s, redemptions were replaced by $100s. Then $100 red seals contaminated the $100 redemption
stream, but that stream was far smaller to deal with than the $5 stream.
Treasury really desired to get rid of the legal tenders entirely, but this required Congressional
legislation.
Treasury press releases heralding the eliminations of the $2s and $5s tell their respective stories.
Treasury Announces No Further $2 Bills Will Be Printed
August 10, 1966
The Treasury Department announced today that no further $2 United States notes will be printed,
because a lack of public demand indicates that this note serves only a limited public interest.
As of June 30, 1966, the $2 currency outstanding amounted to $139,231,994, approximately one-third
of 1 percent of the total currency outstanding. Most of the $2 notes issued lie for long periods unused in
bank vaults. Because the $2 bill is not circulated freely, the average life of each $2 bill is about six years,
compared to the $1 and $5 bills which wear out in 18 to 20 months. Movement of the $2 bills out of
inventory has been so slow that none has been made since the end of Fiscal Year 1965 (June 30, 1965).
Existing stocks of the new $2 United States notes will be issued, and $2 bills returned to Federal Reserve
banks in a condition fit for continued circulation will be recirculated as long as the current supply lasts.
Appropriations for the current fiscal year did not provide funds for printing $2 United States notes, and
the Treasury has no plans to seek funds for this purpose in the Fiscal Year 1968 budget.
(From Bureau of the Public Debt).
Treasury to end $5 U.S. Note issue
Will distribute $100 notes instead
October 17, 1968
The Treasury Department announced today that it will soon stop issuing $5 United States Notes?the
only denomination of such notes now distributed?and begin issuing $100 United States Notes.
The Treasury explained that the change has nothing to do with the amount of currency available to
commerce but only with cutting the cost of sorting notes unfit for continued circulation.
Figure 3. A final printing of
20,000 sheets of $5 legal tender
notes was run in fiscal year
1967-8 bearing obsolete
Granahan-Dillon signatures.
This note is from that printing.
Heritage auction archives
photo.
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
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The Federal Reserve System, whose currency comprises 99 percent of paper money in circulation, will
continue to issue the familiar Federal Reserve notes in all present denominations. United States Notes make
up less than one percent of circulating currency and the change will have no practical effect on money
users.
In fiscal year 1967, 340 million unfit $5 notes of both types?United States and Federal Reserve?were
retired compared to only 5.5 million in the $100 denomination. With elimination of $5 United States Notes
there will be fewer notes to sort by type for retirement and thus a cost saving.
By law, the Treasury must keep $322,539,016 of United States Notes outstanding, but retired notes may
be replaced by any denomination. Eventually $100 will be the only denomination in which both Treasury
and the Federal Reserve System issues currency.
Like the current $100 Federal Reserve Note, the new $100 United States Note will bear a portrait of
Benjamin Franklin. Differences in the two notes?including designations on the front side and colors in
which seals and serial numbers are printed?will make them easily distinguishable.
(From O?Donnell, 1982, p. 113).
The first deliveries of $100 Series of 1966 notes were delivered from the BEP on October 14, 1968
(BEP, 1969, p. 2).
End of Legal Tender Notes
Treasury officials finally won Congressional authorization to terminate the legal tender issues
through an obscure provision they slipped into a very technical regulatory act that came before Congress in
1994. Their ploy was to nullify the provision in the 1874 act that required the issuance of replacements for
worn notes redeemed from circulation.
The bill was called the Riegle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994.
Its formal label was ?an act to reduce administrative requirements for insured depository institutions to the
extent consistent with safe and sound banking practices, to facilitate the establishment of community
development financial institutions, and for other purposes.? Included in the other purposes were a slew of
repeals and revisions to existing Federal banking laws. One was the following.
Figure 4. The last legal tender issues consisted of $100s that were released between October 17, 1968, and
January 21, 1971. The first were shipped to Puerto Rico. Amon Carter obtained the first pack. The unreleased
remainders were destroyed in 1996. Heritage auction archives photo.
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
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SEC. 602. TECHNICAL AMENDMENTS TO THE FEDERAL BANKING LAWS.
(g) amendments to other laws
(14) Section 5119(b)(2) of title 31, United States Code, is
amended by adding at the end the following: ``The Secretary
shall not be required to reissue United States currency notes
upon redemption.?
The act was signed into law September 23, 1994, by President Bill Clinton. Gone was the
requirement that the Treasury had to replace worn legal tender notes redeemed from circulation. At this
point, the Civil War debt represented by the outstanding legal tender notes simply became a liability of the
Treasury and was folded into the existing national debt where it was but a tiny drop in the bucket that could
be forgotten. Any additional legal tender notes beyond the $24 million already written off will constitute
debt that the Treasury never will have to pay.
Fate of the $100 Legal Tender Notes
Burnett Anderson, a paper money collector living in the Washington, DC, area, who presented
himself as the Washington Bureau of the Bank Note Reporter, dogged the fate of the unissued legal tender
$100s. The following are excerpts from his invaluable reporting in 1996 (Anderson, 1996).
The U.S. Treasury has destroyed its entire supply of $100 United States Notes, some $43,341,900
worth.
Last October, I took up the question with the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and Treasurer of the
United States of a possible sale of some of the notes to collectors. The reaction in some quarters was
enthusiastic and it appeared to be under serious consideration at the Treasury.
After a wait of more than six months, I came across a lead on June 20 that a decision on the disposition
of the notes was imminent.
I sought confirmation with the office of U.S. Treasurer Mary Ellen Withrow, who has oversight
responsibilities.
The response came June 25 at 5 p.m. from Larry Felix, spokesman of the BEP, who said he had been
authorized to answer my questions about the notes.
He confirmed that various elements of the Treasury had opposed the sale and in answer to the
question of how many notes remained the answer was none.
Felix explained that the legal counsels of the Treasury?s Bureau of Public Debt, the Financial
Management Service and the BEP had interpreted the applicable statutes and all agreed that the notes
should be destroyed.
The change was simply incorporated into the bill at the request of the Treasury, which for some time
had been seeking congressional authority to get completely out of the business of issuing U.S. Notes for
circulation.
As it was, the Treasury had been meeting a long-standing requirement to maintain [$322] million in
circulation only in a technical sense. As old Legal Tender Notes were turned in through normal banking
channels, they were redeemed in Federal Reserve Notes.
Then an equal face value of $100 U.S. Notes [was] moved from a vault area of the BEP marked
[unissued] to another area marked [issued]. Abolition of the legal requirement ended this internal waltz.
A Discrepancy
The information provided to Anderson was not quite accurate as revealed by data in the quarterly
Treasury Bulletins published by the U.S. Treasury Financial Management Service. The dollar value of legal
tender notes shown as issued but held by the Treasury increased steadily from March 1983 through June
1996 for the period when such data are available. This is entirely consistent with moving unissued $100s
to issued but unreleased status to offset worn legal tender notes that were being redeemed from circulation.
However, $43,506,600 was abrupted moved on the books to active circulation in two batches;
respectively, $43,166,100 between June 30 and September 30, 1996, and $340,500 between June 30 and
September 30, 1967. The issued but unreleased $100s, which accounted for the bulk of the value of those
amounts, were immediately retired after the moves.
The point here is that the destruction of the unreleased $100s didn?t occur until after Anderson?s
article was published in July 1996. It appears that giving Anderson the impression that the notes were
already gone was designed to quell the drumbeat in the numismatic press and among collectors for the
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
40
Treasury to allow the sale of some of the unreleased $100s to collectors!
Procedures and Last Printings
By the time the $100 legal tender notes came along, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing wasn?t
physically shipping finished notes over to the Treasurer?s office. Instead, the notes were shipped directly to
the Federal Reserve banks from the Bureau upon receipts of authorizations for their releases from the
Treasurer. That authorization was the action that legally monetized the notes and it was the reason for the
shuffle that Anderson described between the unissued and issued areas in the BEP vault.
The BEP simply didn?t receive orders from the Treasurer?s office specifying where to ship the
accumulating issued legal tender $100s between January 21, 1971, and mid-1996.
The high serial number printed for the Series of 1966 $100 notes was A00768000A; the high for
the 1966As was A01280000A. Subtracting the 433,419 notes that were destroyed from 1280000 leaves
846,581. However, Series of 1966A notes with serials higher than A00846581A are reported so it is evident
that not all the notes that were released before January 21, 1971, were shipped from the BEP in serial
sequence.
The printings for the last series of $2, $5 and $100 legal tender notes are listed on Table 1.
The second printing of 640,000 Series of 1963 $5s during fiscal year 1967-8 appears as if it should
be Series of 1963A. This is not a mistake on the table. The Bureau used obsolete overprinting plates with
Granahan-Dillon signatures for this group as an economy measure. See Figure 3.
With regard to the $100 Series of 1966 $100s, BEP Director James Conlon had this to say after
they went into production.
This year, the Bureau changed its techniques for applying the signatures of the Secretary of the
Treasury and of the Treasurer of the United States on currency notes. Under the wet-print process formerly
used, it was more economical to overprint the signatures and series typographically, after the face design
was intaglio printed. Upon complete conversion to the dry-print method on its high-speed sheet-fed rotary
presses, the Bureau found it a more efficient and economical operation to apply the signatures and series
designations as integral parts of the face intaglio design on the engraved plates. This engraved-signature
technique was used in the printing of the $100 U.S. note, Series of 1966, first delivered on October 14,
1968. (BEP. 1969, p. 2).
Conclusion
There were two types of paper money circulating in the country going into the 1960s, Treasury
currency (legal tender notes and silver certificates) and bank currency (Federal Reserve notes). All were
issued under the authority of Congress so ultimately all were obligations of the United States. The legal
tender notes and silver certificates were issued by, and were obligations, of the U. S. Treasury whereas the
Federal Reserve notes were issued by, and were obligations of, the banks. Each of the three classes required
separate accounting. The practical consequence was that when worn notes came in for redemption, the
incoming stream had to be sorted by class to maintain the respective sets of books.
The issuance of silver certificates was terminated by an act of Congress passed June 3, 1963. This
left legal tender notes as the only remaining Treasury currency; a currency that represented a miniscule
Table 1. Printings of Series of 1963 and 1966 legal tender notes, which
comprised the last of the legal tender notes.
Series 1963 Series 1963 Series 1963A Series 1966 Series 1966A
Fiscal Year $2 $5 $2 $100 $100
1963-4 15,360,000 62,720,000
1964-5
1965-6 3,200,000
1966-7
1967-8 640,000
1968-9 768,000
1969-70
1970-1 512,000
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
41
fraction of the total currency supply but a big accounting headache. Treasury officials simply wanted to
eliminate them so that the entire currency supply would consist of Federal Reserve bank currency.
Elimination of the legal tender notes would take the Treasury out of the currency issuing business and thus
place that entire burden on the Federal Reserve banks.
The fact was, the legal tender notes, which represented circulating Civil War debt, served no
function other than to satisfy an obscure Congressional mandate dating from 1878. Maintaining them in
circulation was burdensomely expensive for both the Treasury and the Federal Reserve banks. It was time
to eliminate them.
Acknowledgments
Lee Lofthus brought to my attention the discrepancy in the timing of the destruction of the $100
legal tender notes between Burnett Anderson?s Coin World report and the data in the quarterly Treasury
Bulletins. Jamie Yakes provided the press release pertaining to the discontinuance of the printing of $2
legal tender notes that he found in the Bureau of the Public Debt files in the National Archives. Adam Strop
provided invaluable editorial corrections.
References Cited and Sources of Data
Act of February 25, 1862, An act to authorize the issue of United States notes, and for the redistribution or funding thereof, and for
funding the floating debt of the United States.
Act of January 14, 1875, An act to provide for the resumption of specie payments.
Act of May 31, 1878, An act to forbid the further retirement of United States legal-tender notes.
Act of June 30, 1961, An act to authorize adjustments to accounts of outstanding old series currency, and for other purposes: Public
Law 87-66, S. 1619.
Act of Sep 23, 1994, Riegle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994: Public Law 103-652, 103rd
Congress, H.R. 3474.
Anderson, Burnett, Jul 1996, Sale of Red Seal $100s nixed, notes destroyed: Bank Note Reporter, p. 1, 8.
Barr, Joseph W., Under Secretary of the Treasury, May 1, 1967, Hearing before the Committee on Banking and Currency, House
of Representatives, Ninetieth Congress, First Session on H.R. 7476, a bill to authorize adjustments in the amount of
outstanding silver certificates, and for other purposes: U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 57 p.
Bureau of the Public Debt, Historical Files 1913-1960: Record Group 53, Series K?currency, box 3, file K231, U.S. National
Archives, College Park, MD.
Bureau of Engraving and Printing, 1964-1971, Annual reports of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing: BEP Historical Resource
Center, Washington, DC.
Hepburn, A. Barton, 1924, A history of currency in the United States: Macmillan Company, New York, 573 p.
Kennedy, David M., 1970, Statistical Appendix to Annual report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the state of the finances for
fiscal year ended June 30, 1970: U.S. Government Printing Office, 322 p.
O?Donnell, Chuck, 1982, Standard handbook of modern United States paper money: Krause Publications, Iola, WI, 335 p.
Street, https://www.thestreet.com/politics/national-debt-year-by-year-14876008
Treasury, 1971, https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/faqs/Currency/Pages/legal-tender.aspx
U.S. Treasury Financial Management Service, issued quarterly, Treasury Bulletin: U. S. Government Printing Office.
Figure 5. Small size $1 legal tender notes were printed in 1933 to help alleviate a perceived shortage of $1s and
2,738 were released through the Treasury cash window then. They weren?t needed so the rest weren?t released
to avoid the redemption sorting hassle. Rather than let them go to waste, the Treasury ultimately released them
in Puerto Rico in 1948 and 1949 where they would be largely confined to the island, thus minimizing the
redemption sorting problem. National Numismatic Collection, Smithsonian Institution photo.
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
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The American National Bank of
Baltimore, Md., Charter 4518
by J. Fred Maples
The bank was chartered February 10, 1891
with Joshua Horner, president, and Simon P.
Schott, cashier, and opened at a temporary High
Street location, before getting its own building a
year later. This new bank deposited $50,000 in
bonds, and was issued $45,000 in national currency
notes in $5, $10, and $20 Brown Backs. Within a
couple years the bank doubled its bonds and
circulation, and added $50 and $100 Brown Backs
to its circulation. President Horner, son of an Irish
immigrant, was a respected fertilizer and chemical
manufacturer, and city councilman. Schott, son of
a retail grocer, was a bookkeeper, school
commissioner, railroad director, and later a laundry
company officer. Horner was president for the
bank?s entire duration, while Schott was followed
as cashier by William L. Wilcox.
While no surviving notes are known from this
bank, Figure 1 shows a wonderful $50 and $100
1882 Brown Back proof from the Smithsonian
National Numismatic Collection. Despite
operating during a time of depression and
economic woes, this bank was generally successful
for several years before going out late in 1900. The
New York Times reported the bank ?suffered a
large shrinkage in deposits and has sustained some
heavy losses which had involved its capital and
surplus and reduced greatly its cash resources.? As
the first Maryland national bank to enter
receivership, its closing was quite a national story,
with newspaper reports as far away as Hawaii.
Figure 1: $50 and $100 1882
Brown Back proof, approved
August 22, 1893. The American
National Bank of Baltimore, Md.
This bank issued 1,005 sheets of
$50 and $100 1882 Brown Backs
between 1893 and 1900.
Separately this bank issued
2,050 sheets of $5 Brown Backs,
and 2,811 sheets of $10s and $20.
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
44
Proof Sheet
The layouts of $50 and $100 1882 Brown
Backs are stunning in every way. Sheets from this
plate included just two notes -- a single $50 and a
$100. The $50 includes a beautiful vignette on its
left called ?Washington Crossing the Delaware?,
engraved by Alfred Jones after the 1851 painting
by Emmanuel Leutze, which today hangs in the
Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. This
Revolutionary War scene shows Washington and
his men, late in 1776, while crossing the dangerous
Delaware River through drifting ice to reach the
New Jersey shore. Washington and his Continental
Army soldiers went on to defeat the British troops
and Hessian mercenaries in the battles of Trenton
and Princeton. The $50?s right side shows
?Washington at Prayer?, with three goddesses and
a banner inscribed VICTORY above them, which
was engraved by Luigi Delnoce, who reportedly
used his three daughters as models.
The $100 sports an equally stunning vignette
named "Commodore Perry's Victory on Lake
Champlain", which depicts Commodore Oliver
Hazard Perry leaving his flagship, the Lawrence,
during the Battle of Lake Erie in 1813. On the
$100?s right is an angelic depiction of Liberty,
seated by a bundle of rods representing the union
of states, along with the message ?MAINTAIN
IT!? burst in sunlight. Finally note the handwritten
notations in the bottom selvage, which defines the
plate?s approval on August 22, 1893 by Thomas J.
Sullivan, as acting chief of the Bureau of
Engraving and Printing.
Brown Backs
The 1882 Brown Back national currency
series was created by the Act of July 12, 1882. The
new legislation allowed extensions of the earliest
national bank charters, and formation of new ones.
The Act required new notes to look distinctly
different, resulting in the new design, and the backs
of notes were changed to create the Brown Back
style of that color. Any new bank chartered from
mid-1882 until 1902, and any banks extending their
charter during that period, received notes of this
Brown Back type for up to 20 years. Indeed 1882
Brown Backs were printed until March 1908, when
the Aldrich-Vreeland Act mandated new wording
on notes, and production of 1882 and 1902 Date
Backs took over.
Tillman and Morgan
Just above each title block from this proof are
facsimile signatures of J. Fount Tillman, Register
of the Treasury, and D.N. Morgan, Treasurer of the
United States. J. Fount Tillman (1854?1899) was
the eighth Register of the Treasury, and served
during the second term of President Grover
Cleveland. Tillman's signature appeared on US
currency issued between July 1, 1893 and
December 2, 1897, including Legal Tender Notes,
Silver Certificates, Treasury Notes, and National
Bank Notes. As a native of Tennessee Tillman
served one term in the state legislature before
working for the Treasury. After retiring from
public service, Tillman entered private business
and worked in New York City and Washington,
DC. Tillman died at the age of 45 in Palmetto, TN.
Daniel Nash Morgan (1844-1931) was the
Treasurer of the United States from June 1, 1893
until June 30, 1897, and also served during the
second term of President Grover Cleveland. Like
Tillman, Morgan signed Legal Tender Notes,
Silver Certificates, Treasury Notes, and National
Bank Notes. Morgan was born in Newtown, CT on
August 18, 1844. Morgan?s father owned a store,
which Morgan took over as a young man. Morgan
later moved to Bridgeport, CT and partnered in a
firm producing dry goods and carpets, and also ran
a grocery. Interestingly Morgan became president
of the City National Bank of Bridgeport in 1879,
and signed their national bank notes, and served
several years there. Morgan was active in
Bridgeport politics and served positions including
city councilman, board of education, and two-time
mayor. Morgan ran for Governor of Connecticut
in 1898, but lost to George E. Lounsbury. Morgan
died at the age of 86 in Bridgeport, 12 days after
being injured in automobile accident.
Baltimore History
When notes from this sheet were being issued,
Baltimore entered an important period in its
history. Baltimore?s manufacturing base had
begun to prosper with its nationally important
industrial center. Baltimore?s port continued to
ship large quantities of grain, flour, tobacco, and
raw cotton to Europe. New industries of men's
clothing, canning, tin and sheet metal products, and
foundry and machine shop products fueled its labor
force. Construction of new housing was a major
factor in its economy, and many of the builders
were successful craftsmen and entrepreneurs.
Builders worked with landowners, and both groups
manipulated the city's leasehold system to their
advantage. Builders obtained credit from many
sources, including sellers of land, building
societies, and land companies, but probably the
most important source was individual lenders, who
lent money in small amounts from their own
account, or through lawyers and trust funds.
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
45
David A. Schulte and the Mutual-Profit Coupon System
by Loren Gatch
If the United Cigar Stores was by far the largest
tobacconist chain in early 20th century United States,
second place was held by the A. Schulte Cigar Stores.
Led by David A. Schulte, the Schulte chain challenged
United Cigar in a sometimes-turbulent commercial
rivalry that lasted for about a decade, before the two
systems ended their price wars and formed an alliance
in 1926. Although United Cigar was by far the larger
entity, with a nationwide network of stores and agents,
Schulte remained a formidable competitor, particularly
in the New York City area.
An A. Schulte shop window from 1933 (Museum of the
City of New York).
Just as United Cigar was known for its extensive
system of premium coupons (see Paper Money, March-
April 2019), issued both under its own name and
through a spinoff, the United Profit-Sharing
Corporation, so too did Schulte copy his rival in 1915
by establishing his own alternative, the Mutual-Profit
Coupon Corporation. While Mutual Profit operated as
a wholly-owned affiliate within Schulte?s holdings and
was a marketing tool for Schulte?s cigar chain, the
premium company offered its coupon services to other
retailers, as well. This article examines the origins and
operation of the Mutual-Profit Coupon Corporation. It
also describes the denominational range of its coupon
and certificate issues, and identifies basic varieties
across these issues.
United Cigar and Schulte Cigar: Rivals Alike
In basic ways, the histories of United Cigar and
Schulte Cigar mirror each other. United Cigar was
established by George and Charles Whelan, brothers
from Syracuse, New York who moved to the City,
where they opened their first store in 1901. Likewise,
David Albert Schulte (1873-1949) was an outsider who
started small and made it big. Born David Albert
Goldberg in Thomasville, Georgia, the family moved to
the New York City area when he was a young boy. After
his older sister Rose married Anthony Schulte, David
began working for his brother-in-law, who had
established his first cigar store in Manhattan in 1882. By
1902, David had become a partner and general manager
of the budding cigar store chain, and apparently adopted
Schulte as his last name. With the sudden death of his
brother-in-law in 1904, David A. Schulte assumed
control of the business, by then comprising five
locations, keeping ?A. Schulte? in the stores? names for
continuity.
David A. Schulte (1873-1949), cigar
chain head (U.S. Tobacco Journal,
1919).
Although the Schulte name had
been attached to the cigar trade for
nearly two decades, the advent of
United Cigar in 1901 transformed
this sector of American retail.
Backed by the resources of James B.
Duke?s ?Tobacco Trust?, United Cigar expanded
rapidly. The only way to survive the onslaught was to
expand in response, and this David Schulte did. The
public perception of United Cigar?s retail success was
that its massive coupon program enticed male smokers
through its doors, egged on by their coupon-collecting
wives. Probably more important, from a cost point of
view, was that United Cigar could avail itself of the
tobacco products produced by Duke?s American
Tobacco Company at favorable rates. This advantage
Schulte matched by acquiring his own cigar
manufacturing facilities. In the years before cigarette
smoking became the dominant way of consuming
tobacco, with national brands like Camel or
Chesterfield, the production of cigars, pipe and chewing
tobacco remained a more artisanal process, and it was
still possible for a relatively small enterprise like
Schulte?s to assure its own supplies to a degree that
neutralized the advantages of its larger competitor.
What Schulte still lacked, though, was a premium
coupon program. Up until 1910, United Cigar?s
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46
expansion elicited hostility from non-Trust stores,
represented by the Independent Retail Tobacconists?
Association (IRTA), which sought unsuccessfully to get
anti-coupon legislation passed at the federal level.
Attacks on United Cigar reflected a broader hostility
against the Tobacco Trust. In these efforts, Schulte was
regarded as an ally of the independents. As the
publication The Tobacco Leaf put it in 1908, ?A. Schulte
has the distinction of being the most powerful and
successful rival of the Tobacco Trust, which has
swallowed up all of its weaker competitors. The Trust
did not swallow Schulte.?
To the disappointment of these independent
retailers, the court-ordered dissolution of the Tobacco
Trust in 1911 did nothing to dismantle the United Cigar
Stores chain, which continued with its rapid, nationwide
expansion. Indeed, the resulting oligopolistic quartet of
cigarette manufacturers (American Tobacco, Liggett &
Myers, R.J. Reynolds, and P. Lorillard) reinforced
strategies of non-price retail competition like premium
coupons, which could be easily packaged within the
cigarette packs themselves.
Given his own ambitions, David Schulte proved to
be no ally of the independents. While not a part of the
Trust, the A. Schulte Cigar Stores comprised, after all, a
retail chain itself that was prepared to use the same
aggressive marketing methods as its larger chain rival.
When United Cigars sought to spin off its coupon
department in 1914 as the United Profit-Sharing
Corporation, Schulte countered in March 1915 by
establishing the Mutual-Profit Coupon Corporation.
Like United Profit-Sharing, the Mutual-Profit Coupon
Corporation offered its premium services not just to its
parent company, but to any retailer or manufacturer that
was willing to pay for them.
Initially, Schulte planned to call the new enterprise
the ?Schulte Profit-Sharing Corporation?, before
changing the name to Mutual, in deference to the
sensibilities of other tobacco retailers who might want
to use the coupons as a marketing tool against United
Cigar. Though Schulte thus styled himself as a defender
of the interests of independent tobacconists, it is unclear
whether this was a persuasive appeal, as Mutual-Profit
never published rosters of its clientele in its catalogs in
the same way that United Profit-Sharing did. Short of
examining newspaper advertisements of the era, as well
as the coupons themselves, it is impossible to know
exactly which businesses were handing out Mutual
coupons.
In July 1915, the Mutual-Profit Coupon
Corporation leased most of the Cross Chambers
Building at 210 Fifth Avenue, installing on the ground
floor the main premium station where holders of Mutual
coupons could redeem them for merchandise advertised
in the catalogs. In its inaugural publicity campaign, the
company placed advertisements in New York
newspapers offering to give away free Saxon
automobiles to the two customers who redeemed the
most coupons between September 15 and December 15,
1915. These advertisements announced that Mutual
coupons were available at 46 A. Schulte Cigar stores
and 500 ?other stores? in the metropolitan area. Shortly
after this campaign began, Schulte embarked upon the
first of several price wars with United Cigar that would
roil the market for tobacco products for the next decade.
Mutual Profit-Coupon?s 1915 Saxon car giveaway
(Brooklyn Daily Times)
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47
Features of the Mutual-Profit Coupon System
Like its larger rival, Schulte Cigar stores presented
Mutual coupons to its customers at a rate of one coupon
for each five-cent purchase. Mutual coupons also
adopted the denominational arrangement common to
United Cigar, United Profit-Sharing, and other coupon
issuers, whereby five coupons equaled one certificate.
Redemption ?prices? for items listed in Mutual catalogs
were quoted in terms of the required certificates. Mutual
coupons and certificates could be redeemed either in
person at one of company?s premium parlors or by mail.
While United Cigar created a separate coupon
company, United Profit-Sharing, to market its premium
services to other retailers and manufacturers, the
Mutual-Profit Coupon Corporation served both the A.
Schulte chain, and any other vendor who agreed to sign
up. This posed an immediate problem for other
tobacconists, since Schulte was as much a competitive
threat to them as was United Cigar. In 1916, Isaac Ochs,
the chairman of the IRTA, remarked before Congress
that the Mutual coupon was ?causing more trouble in the
market probably than the United coupon ever did.? By
1919, as Schulte expanded his chain up the East Coast,
observers in Boston noted that the opening of a Schulte
store there coincided with the appearance of Mutual-
Profit Coupon agents seeking to sign up new clients.
The more local businesses handed out Mutual coupons,
the more useful those coupons would be to Schulte
Cigar stores specifically.
In a sense, Mutual-Profit was competing against
not one, but two, premium coupon rivals. United Cigar
and United Profit-Sharing each published separate
annual catalogs until 1929, when the former ended its
premium plan. ?Prices? were identical across the two
catalogs for the same items, and the two kinds of
coupons were interchangeable. Although generic United
Profit-Sharing coupons were issued, for its own
corporate customers United Profit regularly customized
their coupons with respect to their appearance and
denomination. Often, United Profit worked with its
bigger clients, like Wrigley?s and Swift, to incorporate
the coupons into their products? packaging. A regular
feature of United Profit?s catalogs, year after year, was
the printing of lists of their clients? names and the
brands. This provides some insight into the size and
nature of its client base, information that is simply
lacking in the Mutual-Profit coupon catalogs.
In contrast to this customization, Mutual-Profit
made available the same coupon and the same
denominational range both to Schulte and all its other
clients. As a result, it is impossible to distinguish
between a Schulte- and a non-Schulte- issued coupon
other than by an overprint applied in either blue or red
ink to the front of the coupon??Issued by A. Schulte?
being by far the most common, although other
overprints can be found with the names of such
establishments as the Diamond Candle Co. (Brooklyn,
NY); Square Cut Rate Store (Harrisburg, PA); Green?s
Drug Stores (Lowell and Worcester, MA); and
Freihofer?s Bakery (various Pennsylvania locations).
Features and Types of Coupons
For the purposes of this description, there are three
types of Mutual coupons. Types I and II have identical
fronts; it is their backs that distinguish them. Type III
coupons are substantially different with respect to both
their fronts and their backs. It is not known whether, for
a given type of coupon, the entire denominational range
from ? coupon to 50 coupons was ever produced.
Within a given type of Mutual coupon,
denominations differ according to size and color, with
low denominations (under 5 coupons/one certificate)
smaller in size than the 5, 10, and 20 coupon
denominations; in turn, the 25, 40, and 50 coupon
denominations are larger still. The fronts of Types I and
II coupons display the following features. Within a
coupon?s ornamental border appears the company logo
(a triangle enclosing two clasped hands) on the left and
the denomination number (in coupons) on the right.
Both are printed in blue. Between them, in the center, is
the equivalent value spelled out in terms of certificates.
Beneath that are printed the redemption instructions, as
well as cursive signatures of the company?s name and
its president, David A. Schulte. Arched across the top
and center of the coupon field appear the name and
location of the company, printed more prominently in
capital letters.
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
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Types I and II coupons have a common front with
two varieties: one with the words ?Send for Catalog? at
the bottom, center, and the other with the words ?Issued
With 25? Purchase? (or other amount, depending upon
the denomination of the coupon). These two variations
in language seem to exist for the whole-number
denominations ranging at least from 1 to 20 coupons.
The largest denomination, the 50 coupon/ten certificate
note, has on its front in that same position yet another
phrase, ?cash sale coupon.?
The common front for Type I and Type II coupons, with
an A. Schulte overprint. One variety of this front identifies
the purchase amount required to receive the coupon.
Two exceptions to this size pattern are the 1 ?
coupon (quarter certificate) and the 2 ? coupon (half
certificate), both which are the same size as the 5 coupon
(one certificate) note. Given that David Schulte
launched his coupon company to match the premium
program of his larger rival, it is not surprising that the
entire denominational range of Mutual-Profit coupons
almost exactly matches that found in United Cigar
coupons, with the single exception of a Mutual-Profit 3
coupon denomination that has no counterpart in the
United Cigar system.
Unlike United Cigar coupons, which during the
years of their issue bore the imprints of three different
printers (American Bank Note, M.B. Brown, and Eureka
Specialty Printing), Mutual-Profit coupons were
produced apparently only by Eureka, at least according
to newspaper accounts of the time. Though lacking any
printer?s imprints, some of the coupons do bear at least
the label (the ?union bug?) of the Allied Printing Trades
Council of Scranton, PA.
Without printer?s dates or expiration dates, it is
impossible to determine exactly the sequence in which
the three types of coupons appeared, or to know whether
all denominations were issued in each of these three
types. Nonetheless, what is labeled here Type I seems to
have appeared first, as some denominations fortuitously
bear, on their reverses, the overprint ?Valuations
Changed September 1st, 1916 / Write for New Catalog,?
suggesting that coupons with this reverse were in
circulation before the others. This overprint reflected
the fact that premium programs in general were
disrupted by World War I, which produced goods
shortages and price inflation that obliged coupon issuers
to adjust their redemption prices accordingly.
These two different reverses distinguish Type I coupons
(top) from Type II coupons (bottom).
While Types I and II share the same front, it is their
backs that distinguish them. The Type I reverse features
a selected list of premium articles available through the
catalog (the actual items listed are not fixed, and do vary
across coupons), while the Type II reverse bears two
short paragraphs, unadorned and in plain print,
announcing the virtues of Mutual-Profit coupons and
referring to the existence of Mutual Profit stamps, as
well (there seems to be no evidence that trading stamps
were actually issued by the company).
Type III coupons differ substantially from Types I
and II, in terms of how both the fronts and the backs are
arranged. The Type III front relocates a larger Mutual
logo to the bottom center of the note, with the
denomination, in certificates, spelled out at the top.
Beneath that is a reworked banner of the company name
and location. The note?s value, in terms of coupon,
appears in blue at the four corners of the note?s
ornamental border. The reverse, devoid of text, is now
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
49
dominated by a single, larger example of the triangular
logo. Unlike Types I and II, which are printed on safety
paper with a watermark in the form of the word
?Mutual? repeated horizontally or diagonally, the Type
III coupon lacks a watermark.
The Type III coupon is substantially different from the
other two types.
Examples with the Type III design exist in at least
the ?, 1, 2, and 5 coupon denominations. Except for
their blue accents, these coupons follow the color
scheme of the two previous types.
Newspaper advertisements from the period 1915-
1930 reveal a more widespread use of Mutual coupons
by retailers other than those who had their coupons
overprinted (including Schulte), suggesting that many
of their users simply handed out the coupons without the
overprinting. It also remains unclear whether the
Mutual-Profit Coupon Corporation ever signed up
product manufacturers as customers of its premium
service. In its heyday, United Profit?s coupons were, for
the most part, tied with branded, discretionary consumer
products like gum (Wrigley), soap (Swift, DIF), and
various lines of canned products (Wm. B. Reily, Hooven
Mercantile, Alfred Lowry, etc.). In contrast, Mutual
Coupon catalogs never disclosed which products might
come with coupons, or even which retail establishments
handed them out. Although Mutual Profit offered a
range of premium goods comparable to those of its
larger rival, its catalogs appear relatively meager, and
use less color. Because the Schulte chain was smaller, it
could not hope to match the extensive network of
premium parlors that United Cigar had established
across the country. The overall impression given is that,
while Schulte?s Mutual-Profit Coupon Corporation
aspired to operate on a national scale, it was a less-well
financed and more limited premium service than those
conducted by United Cigar and its affiliate, the United
Profit-Sharing Corporation.
David A. Schulte first entered the premium
business in 1915 in direct response to the creation of
United Profit-Sharing the year before. The A. Schulte
Cigar chain continued to expand rapidly, albeit from a
lower base than United Cigar. In 1919 Schulte created
a holding company, the Schulte Retail Stores
Corporation, which owned all the stock of the cigar
chain (officially named D. A. Schulte, Inc.), the Mutual-
Profit Coupon Corp, and the Schulte Realty Co.
Thereafter, Schulte pursued acquisition strategies much
like the Whelan brothers. As the cigar chain itself grew
to about 300 stores nationwide, Schulte diversified
throughout the 1920s, purchasing or gaining control
over a number of businesses: the upscale grocer Park &
Tilford (1923); V. Vivaudou, a cosmetics company
(1924); Alfred Dunhill, maker of pipes and other
smoking accessories (1924); the American Druggists
Syndicate (1926); and Huyler?s, a candy chain (1927).
In large part, Schulte?s diversification beyond cigars and
tobacco products imitated the actions taken by United
Cigar. Activities of the latter included acquiring the
Riker-Hegeman drugstore chain (1915); the formation
of a holding company, the United Retail Stores Corp
(1919) which, like Schulte?s vehicle, held control over
the United Cigar Store chain; and ownership of the
Happiness Candy Stores (1920).
Schulte?s successes in business and real estate dealings
were lionized by the press (Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 1925).
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
50
As these complicated corporate histories relate to the
premium coupon business, for both David Schulte and the
Whelan brothers, their coupon enterprises were operated as
sidelines for as long as they remained useful to their
broader mercantile interests. In one final way were the
personalities at the head of these enterprises alike. For both
Schulte and the Whelans, active involvement in the New
York City real estate business not only supported their
retail empires but represented (particularly for Schulte) a
profitable enterprise in its own right.
After a decade of competition, punctuated by price
wars, the United Cigar and Schulte chains concluded a
truce and exchange of stock by the end of 1926, leading in
1928 to the establishment of the joint Schulte-United 5 cent
to $1 Stores, Inc. Yet even with the resulting merger of
ownership, the two cigar chains continued operating
separately, as did their profit-sharing coupon affiliates. At
this point, the two erstwhile rivals had reached their
maximum size: Schulte with nearly three hundred stores,
United Cigar with nearly three thousand outlets (this total
included over a thousand ?agents?, which merely carried
United Cigar inventory without being part of the chain
themselves).
The End of the Mutual-Profit Coupon Corporation
The end to their coupon issuance came in late May
1929, when both Schulte and United Cigar announced the
suspension of their programs, and the terms for the final
redemption of their outstanding coupon circulations.
Schulte gave coupon holders just until January 1, 1930 to
redeem their holdings, while United Cigar allowed its
customers to continue to redeem them through the United
Profit-Sharing Corporation, which at the time was still a
subsidiary of United Cigar. In the wake of the
announcement, holders of coupons swarmed the
companies? premium parlors, seeking to unload their
stashes for consumer knick-knacks.
Ironically, it was not each other?s competition, but
pressure from non-tobacco chain stores selling cigarettes
as loss-leaders that led to the abandonment of coupons. By
this point, coupon issue and redemption was costing
United Cigar some $3.5 million a year as a marketing
expense. The same set Schulte back $700,000. For Eureka
Specialty Printing, the end of their programs was a hard
blow, as it meant the loss of contracts worth $150,000
annually to the Scranton company.
Ultimately, the end to tobacco-store coupons
reflected the longer-term shift that took place in how
Americans took their tobacco. As cigarettes became the
most common, and growing, form of tobacco consumption
in the American market, their sale migrated into more
general retail settings like grocery or drug store chains.
Tobacconists, whether or not they were part of a chain like
Schulte or United Cigar, had great difficulty matching
price cuts by those non-tobacco chains indefinitely.
Offering premiums was always a form of non-price
competition, and once the largest chains made price-
cutting a permanent strategy, coupon issuance became less
attractive for Schulte and United Cigar. With this change,
coupons by no means disappeared from tobacco
marketing. Instead of being issued by retailers, though,
they were increasingly incorporated by manufacturers into
the packaging of cigarettes themselves, as in the prominent
example of Brown & Williamson.
What all this meant for the future of the Mutual-Profit
Coupon Corporation was unclear. Just because Schulte
stopped offering Mutual-Profit coupons didn?t mean other
retailers had to do the same. They might continue to issue
them, just as numerous corporate customers still made use
of United Profit-Sharing coupons even if United Cigar
didn?t. Nonetheless, the end to the Mutual-Profit Coupon
Corporation came soon after this, though the details are
sketchy. Newspaper advertisements by retailers featuring
its coupons simply disappeared after 1930. According to
Moody?s Manual of Investments, sometime between 1932
and 1933 Mutual-Profit simply dropped out of the
description of Schulte Retail Stores? corporate structure.
How the coupon operation was wound down, and what (if
any) accommodations were made to consumers holding the
coupons with the distinctive triangular logo, simply remain
mysteries.
David A. Schulte?s predilection for premium coupons
did not disappear with the passing of Mutual-Profit. In
January 1932, Schulte announced that his stores would
resume issuing coupons, but as a client of United Profit-
Sharing, and not of Mutual-Profit. As the Brooklyn Daily
Times observed wryly, ?prosperity is still just around that
corner, but these once familiar green cigar coupons are
going on the job after a two-year layoff.? According to this
newspaper account, under the new arrangement the
Schulte stores would not only issue United Profit-Sharing
coupons, but the latter company would also redeem the old
Mutual coupons with the Schulte overprint at the same rate
as the new ones. This announcement reflected an
agreement between D. A. Schulte, Inc. and United Profit-
Sharing, whereby the former was given a two-year option
to purchase up to 50,000 shares of the latter?s common
stock at $1 a share in exchange for Schulte agreeing to
issue United Profit-Sharing coupons. The agreement was
welcomed back in Scranton, where Eureka Specialty
Printing looked forward to hiring back workers to fulfill
the new orders.
While premium companies of the time did, as a matter
of competitive pride, redeem each other?s coupons, the
idea of a blanket commitment by the United Profit-Sharing
Corporation to accepting the old Mutual-Profit issues
seems improbably generous, especially as the latter
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
51
company was probably defunct by this point. United-
Profit Sharing catalogs of the 1930s did advertise Schulte
cigar stores as issuers of its coupons, but were silent on
whether Schulte?s old coupons were likewise redeemable.
Indeed, after the Whelan brothers sold out their interests in
United Cigar to another investor group in August 1929,
United Profit-Sharing no longer had any relationship with
the company which originally spawned it fifteen years
earlier. Those same catalogs from the 1930s no longer
mentioned the redemption of United Cigar coupons either.
This raises the question of whether the outstanding United
Cigar coupons issued between 1901 and 1928 were also
rendered worthless as a result.
Though no longer involved with their old cigar chain,
George and Charles Whelan did retain control over United
Profit-Sharing, and there was a certain irony in the fact that
their old rival was now a client of their premium coupon
business. The Schulte Cigar Stores? United Profit-Sharing
issues are probably the most common and best-known
examples of premium coupons bearing the Schulte name.
However, they have nothing to do with the original Schulte
coupons put out by the Mutual-Profit Coupon Corporation.
Available in a range of denominations from ? coupon to 4
certificates, the Schulte United Profit-Sharing issues
reflected the customization typically available through that
premium coupon company. The turquoise-colored 5-
coupon Schulte coupon illustrated here appears similar to
the same denomination issued by a number of other United
Profit-Sharing clients throughout the 1920s and 1930s.
Although pricing rules imposed by the National
Recovery Act of 1933 made it difficult for the Schulte
stores to issue coupons specifically for cigarette sales (as
opposed to other tobacco products), the chain remained a
client of United Profit-Sharing throughout the decade,
finally abandoning coupons for good in 1939. During the
depression years, the corporate structures containing both
the United Cigar and Schulte chains experienced
bankruptcy and underwent reorganization. A problem
common to both organizations was the collapse in the
values of their real estate holdings, and the decline in the
rents that they could charge other tenants on their
properties. Nonetheless, the two sets of cigar chain
founders emerged out of the depression in decidedly
different circumstances. The fortunes of Charles and
George Whelan were substantially wiped out by the stock
market crash, while David Schulte made it through those
years, surviving to remain a major player in New York City
real estate throughout the 1940s.
REFERENCES
Brooklyn Daily Eagle, June 14, 1925.
Brooklyn Daily Times, September 29, 1915; January 28, 1932.
Catalog, United Profit-Sharing Corporation (various dates).
Catalog of Premiums, Mutual-Profit Coupon Corporation
(various dates).
Cox, Reavis, Competition in the American Tobacco Industry
1911-1932 (Columbia University Press 1933).
Moody?s Manual of Investments, 1932, 1933.
New York Times, September 19, 1915; December 30, 1926;
January 10, 1928; May 26, 1929; July 14, 1934; July 30, 1949.
New York Tribune, September 25, 1909; September 9, 1919.
Premium Catalog, United Cigar Stores (various dates).
Real Estate Record and Builders Guide (New York), July 17,
1915.
The American Hebrew, September 12, 1924.
The Financial World, November 25, 1922.
The Magazine of Wall Street, October 13, 1917.
The Tobacco Leaf, May 13, 1908.
The Tribune (Scranton, Pennsylvania), May 25, 1929; January
29, 1932.
United States. Congress. House. Hearings before the Committee
on the Judiciary. 64th Congress, 1st Sess. May 1, 1916
(Washington, D.C.: GPO 1916).
United States Tobacco Journal, March 27, 1915; April 19, 1915;
March 1, 1919; July 26, 1919.
Wall Street Journal, February 15, 1915; January 27, 1932; July
14, 1939.
A Schulte One-Certificate Note Issued through the
United Profit-Sharing Corp.
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POSTAGE CURRENCY SHEET
WITH ASSOCIATED NOTE
By Rick Melamed
From a recent eBay auction is an intriguing sheet of uncut 5? postage notes (Fr. 1230). The common sheet itself is
in rather poor condition with heavy folds, staining and torn edges?something that would not ordinarily attract much
interest. But the associated envelope has a note inside stating:
One dollar enclosed.
"The within sheet of postal currency was paid to me during the war by U.S. Government, probably about
the autumn of 1862, and I carried it in my pocket-book for the remainder of the war. Thomas F. Edmands."
We do know factually that Union army personnel were paid in postage/fractional currency. Lt. Colonel Edmands
apparently took the sheet, folded it and put away in his pocket book and forgot about it. In 1862, it must?ve seemed
odd not to be paid in gold or silver. But being that coins were scarce, he was paid in sheets of postage currency. I?m
postulating that after the war, Edmands sorting through his belongings, stumbled across the folded sheet of postage
currency and wrote the note; memorializing how and when he was paid. It?s a quite fortuitous that the note and the
sheet remain together.
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Thomas F. Edmands Biography
From the New England Historic Genealogical Society is the following biography of Edmands:
Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Franklin Edmands, of Boston, a life member of this society, since 1890, was born on
Court Street, in Boston, December 5, 1840, and died in Boston, August 30, 1906, at 19. Brimmer Street.
During a great part of his life he was connected with the State militia, and he won distinction in the Civil War. He
was, for 33 years, commander of the First Corps of Cadets, and his funeral, with impressive military honors, was
held at Trinity Church. He had membership in many military, civic, social, and other organizations, and was
prominently known.
During the Civil War he was connected with the 24th Massachusetts Regiment of Infantry successfully as a 2nd
lieutenant, a 1st lieutenant , and adjutant, a captain, a major, and a lieutenant colonel...between the years 1861-1866,
and was mustered out as a major, in the latter years, after a service of four years and four months. He was also
brevetted lieutenant colonel and colonel of the United States Volunteers, for ?gallant and meritorious conduct
throughout the war.?
In 1861 he began his war service as a member of Company B, 4th Battalion (New England Guards), He was adjutant
of the first corps in 1873, and also lieutenant colonel in that year; was discharged and re-elect in 1876; and his
commission was vacated in 1862, and was re-elected in 1882.
Owing to ill health, Colonel Edmands tendered his resignation as a commander of the Cadet Corps during the month
previous to his death. This was accepted with regrets, and another was elected to full his position. He, however,
remained on of the veterans of the Corps.
Colonel Edmands was a descendant, in the 8th generation, of Walter Edmands who, with a wife Dorothy, came from
England and settled in Concord, Massachusetts, in 1639.
On Nov. 6, 1878, he was married to Kate Barnes Horton, daughter of Henry K. Horton of Boston. They had two
children, Thomas, who died the day following his both, and Horton, who with his widow (Kate) survived.
Edmands was a prolific writer and several
of his letters survived including this one
from May 8, 1875. Note how the signature
associated with the postage currency sheet
and the letter are an exact match?proving
conclusively that we have identified the
correct person.
(from?the?letter?to?the?left)?
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We are also fortunate to have located several photos of Edmands, all in his military uniform. The parlor photograph
is a strong image but the tin types are a bit rough and the inscription difficult to discern. But having survived is
miracle enough.
I inquired with the seller how they came into possession of the sheet and was told it was part of a large box of Civil
War items purchased at auction. True enough, because these items trace to a Barnaby?s auction (a notable auction
house specializing in antiques) from February 28, 2020, which had a large group of items and ephemera belonging
to Edmands.
Special thanks to the New England Historic Genealogical Society, Barneby?s Auction House and to Angela Tillapaug,
Library Assistant Massachusetts Historical Society.
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U N C O U P L E D :
PAPER MONEY?S
ODD COUPLE
Joseph E. Boling Fred Schwan
Art from Warrington?part 4
This is the fourth installment of a series presenting
Warrington?s new approach to separating collectors
from their pounds. This is mostly graphic art of his own
design that he appends to lower value notes with a
fanciful story about its purpose. Some of his new work
has a basis in history, and some consists of removing ink
from polymer notes and selling them as errors. He
continues selling under the eBay handle
citygroundhero-6, and displaying his address as Irvin
Santiago in Leicester, UK. The PayPal money all goes
into an account belonging to Sameir A?lseyuote and the
merchandise is mailed from S. Alseyo in Warrington.
Never buy a polymer error from this fellow.
The figure numbers are continued from last time,
beginning at figure 76. That is a South Arabian
Currency Authority note that has been decorated with an
Islamic-theme device, with text below that I cannot
read. He has used this image only once, on this note,
which he has sold twice?the first buyer evidently did
not like it after receiving it.
Next comes South Australia (fig 77). He has used
this device four times. I don?t think he invents all of this
artwork; does anyone recognize the coat of arms used
here? Let me know at joeboling@aol.com if you do.
See Boling page 59
Dollar a Year Men
Last time we looked at government checks that
were written for low amounts. This time we are going to
look at a very special subset of that theme.
More than twenty years ago, well-known paper
money collector and past ANA president John Wilson
sold me a framed letter and government check. The
check was dated November 21, 1942, and was made out
for ten cents! I was interested in the check. It fit nicely
into my collection of numismatic ?stuff? of World War
II and it was on the wall in my office until recently.
The check was made out to Thomas Evans.
According to the letter that accompanied the check (see
end of column), Mr. Evans was one of the dollar-a-year
men who went into government service from industry
during World War II.
The idea was to recruit captains of industry to work
voluntarily for the war effort. In such instances the
government insists on paying the volunteer a token
amount so that they will officially NOT be volunteers.
They will be employees. This system today, if
remembered at all, is remembered sort of fondly.
Recently, I took the frame down intending to study
it. The most obvious person to research was Thomas
Evans, the dollar-a-year man who saved his 1942 pay
check. I thought that it ought to be fairly easy research.
I should be able to find a complete list of these men
(were there any women?). I was very wrong about all of
this?but I did learn a lot that is interesting!
I found no such list. I found nothing on Thomas
Evans. When I gave up on Mr. Evans, I turned to the
other name on the letter. The sender was Donald M.
Nelson, chairman of the War Production Board.
Fig. 76
Fig. 77
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56
The War Production Board directed conversion of
industries from peacetime work to war needs. It
allocated scarce materials, established priorities in the
distribution of materials and services, and prohibited
nonessential production. The board supervised the
production of $183 billion worth of weapons and
supplies, and about 40% of the world output of
munitions.
It was an easy matter to find some information on
Nelson, but I hit the jackpot in an unexpected way. On
eBay I found a January 1943 news photograph of
Donald Nelson. It was great to see a photo of the man
who signed the letter, but there was much more. The
photo was of Nelson
receiving the annual gold
medal of achievement
awarded by the Poor
Richard Club of
Philadelphia and the
medal is clearly visible in
the photograph!
That image sent me
in a whole new direction.
What is or was the Poor
Richard Club and where
can I find one of those
medals? Well, the first
part was easy. The club
was a service organization
in Philadelphia made up
mostly of people in the advertising industry. It was
founded in 1906. It was very active for many years,
owning a building in Philadelphia that it operated as a
private club for its members.
Of particular interest to us, it issued an annual
service award to prominent Americans. The award is
variously called achievement award and gold
achievement award. The medal was awarded most years
between 1934 and 1956 with a few before and after that
range.
The recipients included four presidents (Taft,
Wilson, Eisenhower and Nixon) and many other
prominent people who are well recognized today: Walt
Disney, Bob Hope, Henry Ford II and others. I have not
been able to find a record of the sale of one of the
medals. A lead die trial for a medal purported to be the
Poor Richard Club award medal has been on eBay for a
long time, but not sold. Also sold on eBay is an
apparently common Poor Richard
Club medal.
The four presidential museums
and libraries involved provide good
hope that we will find one of the
medals. The Richard M. Nixon
Library and Museum quickly found
the spectacular certificate that was awarded to Vice
President Nixon. Presumably the certificate was
awarded along with the club medal, but that is one of the
remaining questions.
I found a surprise at the Eisenhower museum. I
have been to the museum several times and go out of my
way to stop. In this case I stopped on my way to the 2017
Summer Seminar. The museum has a large display of
military and government awards from many countries.
Many of these awards are rare and it is a special
opportunity to see them all at one place.
Near the display of Eisenhower medals is a much
smaller display of the medals that were awarded to
Eisenhower?s chief of staff in Europe for the invasion of
Europe, General Walter Bedell Smith. The display has
all of the campaign and service medals that you would
expect to find for such a person and many foreign
awards too. What surprised me was the three medals
displayed at the top of the frame. They are civilian
awards of the type that we are discussing.
Indeed the top right medal might in fact be a Poor
Richard Club award medal. The legends are ?Franklin
Award for Distinguished Service? and ?He snatched
the lightning from the sky and the sceptre from the
tyrants.? The portrait is of course Franklin. I would
instantly label it the Poor Richard achievement medal
but General Smith isn?t on any list of recipients I have
found. Along this medal sidetrack I was very fortunate and
acquired another dollar-a-year check! This time it is
actually made out for a dollar. It was made out to Milton
M. Olander and it too was accompanied by a letter
signed by Donald Nelson (also shown at end of column).
This time it was much easier to find information on
the recipient?with a surprise. Mr. Olander was a well-
known college football player and coach in the 1920s
and 1930s. In 1934 he joined Owens-Illinois in Toledo,
Ohio as director of industrial relations, a post that he
held until 1959 and from which he became a dollar-a-
year government employee/volunteer during the war.
His rather detailed obituary in the Toledo Blade
mentions his war-time government work without also
mentioning that he was a dollar-a-year man.
Neither does the obituary mention TOPS?The
Olander Park System! TOPS is the park system of
Sylvania, Ohio, a suburb of Toledo. The main feature of
Olander Park in Sylvania is Lake Olander! I have
walked in that park! I will walk in it again when I get
War Production Board Chief
Donald Nelson (left) receives the
Poor Richard Medal of Honor
from Peter L. Schauble, president
of the Poor Richard Club of
Philadelphia. Nelson was chosen
for his outstanding achievements
and service to this country in his
government post. ACME 1/16/43
New York Bureau
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
57
out of the house! We might even make a trip there at
some future MPC Fest. It is only about 35 miles from
where I sit!
Finally, to the checks themselves. As stated one is
for ten cents, the other for a dollar, the Evans ten cent
check being for only part of a year. The two checks are
dated very close together (November 21, 1942 and
January 4, 1943) and in most ways are very similar as
we would expect. The serial numbers are about 107,000
apart. I do not know (but would like to) how the checks
are numbered. My first guess is that they started over
with the fiscal year.
The most significant difference between the checks
is the ?Object for which drawn? in the lower left corner.
I would call it the memo line on personal checks. In spite
of being so close in time and number, the two ?objects
for which drawn? are different!
Thomas Evans? check is drawn for ?National
Defense Office for Emergency Management? Olander?s
check is drawn for ?War Activities Office for
Emergency Management.? Was there an important
difference between these two? A subtle difference? A
bureaucratic difference? Is there a parallel to defense
bonds and war bonds? Do I have a complete set of
?objects?? I do not have answers to any of these
questions, but would like to know.
I am confident that there are more dollar-a-year
man checks out there. Many no doubt have Nelson
letters and many are probably even framed. The more
important question along this line is: do any Paper
Money readers have one? Please end my suspense; send
me an image of the dollar-a-year man check in your
collection! Fredschwan@yahoo.com.
WASHINGTON,
D.C.?O.P.M.
Priorities
Director, Edward
R. Stettinius
(seated) hands
out federal pay
checks to eight of
the dollar-a-year
members of
executive staff of
the priorities
division. Stettinius seated at table, standing (left to right), R. J.
Lynch, assistant to Stettinius; Joseph Overlock, Geoffrey Smith,
Dexter Kimball, James O?Neill, Arthur Whiteside, Blackwell
Smith, and Dr. Harry Rogers. ACME photo 7/16/41
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
58
Boling continued:
Figures 78-80 are three of several overprints he uses
on Spanish civil war-period notes. Most are coats of
arms as shown. One is the half-figure image of Franco
in figure 80. The fine print below the image says ?Viva
Franco! Never buy anything Spanish that he offers with
the watermark window obscured.
Figure 81 is the only image he has used on Sudan
notes, four times on three note types.
Now we get to Syria. He has a very good source for
notes of Syria (maybe he has family there). Under this
eBay name he has sold about 170 Syrian notes, mostly
without superfluous decoration (many from the French
colonial period). But since he also gets common pieces,
he spices them up with ?commemorative? overprints.
Some he labels with subsidiary titles, such as ?Syria-
Baath? or ?Syria-UAR.? He is not consistent in his
application of overprints?sometimes they go with the
subsidiary title, and sometimes simply as Syria. Figure
82 is offered as ?25th Anniversary of the Corrective
Movement 1992? (which means nothing to me?
something political, probably related to the Baath party).
Fig 83 is dated 1986. Fig 84 is labeled ?Al Baath Party
Commemorative 1979.? Fig 85 is labeled ?President
Assad 1982 Re-election Commemorative.? Both of the
last two were listed as Syria-Baath notes.
Figures 86-87 were both listed as Syria-UAR, referring
to the days when Syria and Egypt formed the United
Arab Republic.
Moving on to Thailand, figures 88-98 are a plethora
of images lifted from someplace, maybe a book of
Buddhist art, and applied to obsolete Thai notes. These
sell for 8-9 pounds to as high as 45-46 pounds, mostly
in the teens. He has sold more than fifty of these.
Fig. 78
Fig. 79
(left)
Fig. 80
(right)
Fig. 81
Fig. 82
Fig. 83 Fig. 84 Fig. 85
Fig. 86 (left)
Fig. 87 (right)
Fig. 88 Fig. 89
Fig. 90 Fig. 91 Fig. 92
Fig. 93 Fig. 94 Fig. 95
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
59
The last piece (fig 99) is labeled Yemen-el Houthi.
It is the maroon and green text over the watermark
window that has been added. Of course the Houthi
rebels are not the source of these. Search eBay for
?Houthi? and you get four books and a photograph
(Warrington currently has nothing running under that
name). Google ?Houthi currency? and you get all the
stories about the currency war between Yemen and the
Houthis, and the notes visible in the currency exchanges
are the note shown in figure 99 without the fancy
overprint.
His note sources seem to be drying up. Where he
used to run only 8-10 of these flaky notes each week, he
is now offering up to 20. Not all of them are these arty
pieces; he has not stopped selling all the garbage that he
started with?BeNeLux, Berlin, Fiume, Liguria, La
Vaillante, Fezzan, and Greece (on
Behelfszahlungsmittel) rubber stamps; Cape Verde,
China, Cyprus, Djibouti, Force T (NAAFI), Nazi
propaganda, New Hebrides, Pakistan, Suez, and Tibet
overprints (all in inkjet); fake specimens and fake
counterfeit markings on his own concoctions; and
fantasies of all stripes. He has good material otherwise;
just be very careful when buying from him. If in doubt,
email me (address buried above).
As I surmised, in the four issues that I have been
reviewing Warrington?s new emissions he has come up
with many more, so I will do a wrap-up next issue. The
issue after that maybe Fred and I can come up with a
joint topic again. Happy vaccinations, everybody.
Fig. 96 Fig. 97
Fig. 99
Fig. 98
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60
73D Congress
2D Session
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
March 28 (calendar day, April 4), 1934
Mr. Connally introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred
to the Committee on Banking and Currency
A BILL
Authorizing the issuance of new currency and calling in of
existing and outstanding currency every two years.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of American in
Congress assembled, That the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to issue new currency to
replace all existing currency of the United States outstanding on the date of approval of this Act. Such
outstanding currency shall be redeemed with new currency at the Treasury of the United States or at any
Federal Reserve or member bank within two years of the date of approval of this Act.
Sec. 2. Such outstanding currency not surrendered and redeemed within such two-year period shall
on redemption be subject to a discount of 10 per centum for each six months or portion thereof that such
currency remains outstanding.
S. 3288
Senator Tom Connally (Wikipedia photo)
Democrat from Texas
In office:
House of Representatives:
March 4, 1917-March 3, 1929
Senate:
March 4, 1929-January 3, 1953
Senator Connally holds a watch to record the
exact time President Roosevelt signed the
declaration of war against Germany (3:05 pm
EST, December 11, 1941) (Wikipedia photo)
Document
submitted by
Lee Lofthus
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
61
ZOUAVES !
by Terry A. Bryan
Vignettes of exotically dressed Civil War soldiers were used on money and financial documents.
Early in the movie Gone with the Wind,
Scarlett attends a ball at the Wilkes? plantation.
The aristocratic young men are excited about the
prospect of war, eager to join up, and certain that
the conflict will be brief and victorious. This was
the attitude of most of the country during the
mounting hostilities of the late 1850s and early
1860s.
Ambitious or wealthy men on both sides
organized and equipped militia companies,
assuming rank and command status. Naivet?
about the brutality of war was soon replaced by
awareness of the awful cost. Appearance and
tactics of these private military units varied
greatly. Early Civil War uniforms were not
standardized. Some private units were dressed
distinctively by their patrons; none were more
distinctive than the Zouaves.
Young men were drawn to colorful
uniforms, heroic ideals and companionship of
service. Parades, mock battles and drills drew
large crowds. Uniforms associated with fierce
fighters were thought to intimidate the enemy,
raise cohesiveness and morale of the soldiers and
endear the units to the folks back home.
No single person epitomized the gallant,
na?ve, theatrical and charismatic spirit of the
times than Elmer Ephraim Ellsworth (1837-
1861). His military aspirations overcame his
desire to be an attorney in Rockford, Illinois.
Command of a militia company gave him
freedom to show off the drills and tactics derived
from his study of U.S. and European manuals-of-
arms. A clerkship in Springfield, Illinois
introduced him to Abraham Lincoln. He studied
briefly in Lincoln?s law office. Soldiering drew
him away. As a major of militia, he drilled his
men before admiring crowds by mid-1859.
The Zouaves that Ellsworth emulated were
inspired by North African light infantry which the
French battled in war with Algeria. After
pacification of the region, the French army
organized ethnic troops into Zouave units
commanded by French non-coms and officers.
Units in other armies became organized with the
appearance and tactics of the Algerian fighters.
The United States, the Confederacy, Poland,
Russia, Spain, Brazil, and the Vatican all had
Zouave units.
Most of these groups were clad in short open
jackets, baggy pants, a sash and a kepi (flat cap).
Some units wore a more authentic fez with a
turban wrap, but this was found not to be practical
in battle. A few regiments continued into World
War One and Two. The unusual uniforms
persisted for dress occasions. The author was
privileged to attend a Legion of Honor ceremony
Authentic Algerian
Zouaves are
pictured on the
cover of French
sheet music in
1840.
Colonel Elmer E.
Ellsworth was a
patriot, zealot,
drillmaster and
prot?g? of Lincoln.
The Ellsworth Cadets
presented drill shows
and competitions in
major cities togged
out in colorful
uniforms, here on an
1860 polka cover.
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
62
at Les Invalides where French units in historic
uniforms paraded. Zouaves were prominent,
exotic and showy. In the United States, Zouave
units gave way to standard uniforms and tactics
as militias were replaced by the National Guard.
Zouave drills were characterized by athletic
exercises, prone firing and loading, utilizing
cover, speed, and wide spacing of men in battle
line. Firing from ground level increased field of
vision in the rising smoke of battle. Fire, roll face
up, reload, roll back and fire was an effective
tactic borrowed from the Algerians.
Descriptions of Ellsworth?s public shows
sound like routines by the Rockettes in their
precision, speed and formations. At their drills,
mock battles could take place around theatrical
prop obstacles. French field manuals were used.
Colorful flags and uniforms added to the appeal
of these troops. Elmer Ellsworth was the ideal
man to promote enthusiasm for war among the
public. He was admired for his energy, moral
uprightness, temperance, ideals and
organizational ability. He was a poster boy for
military preparedness, an expert marksman and
swordsman. He set high standards for
membership and imposed rules of behavior on his
men. His Zouaves were seen off for their multi-
city tour by a crowd of 10,000 in Chicago in July
of 1860. They drilled for President Buchanan at
the White House. Their popularity spawned other
Zouave units, something of a craze even before
hostilities.
Modern reenactments by Zouave units take
place. Many videos appear on the Web. One unit
drilled on The Ed Sullivan Show and in a Danny
Kaye movie.
Major Ellsworth achieved national fame for
his unit?s drill shows and competitions. Back in
Springfield, he also became one of Lincoln?s
young men, stumping for the Presidential
election. The President-elect?s train to
Washington included Lincoln?s secretaries Hay
and Nicolay, and Elmer Ellsworth as chief of
security.
After disbanding the Chicago unit,
Ellsworth, now a Colonel in the regular army,
organized the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry.
Most of the men were drawn from New York City
fire companies. The unit was variously known as
Ellsworth?s Zouaves, First Fire Zouaves, First
Regiment New York Zouaves and the United
States National Guards. They were equipped in
New York, and went to Washington by ship, thus
avoiding the sectional unrest in the city of
Baltimore. Their first barracks was in the halls of
the House of Representatives. The Fire Zouaves
even had an opportunity to extinguish a major
blaze in downtown Washington.
Ellsworth became a valued prot?g? of
Lincoln?s. He received his mail at the White
House, and he often met with the President in
informal hours of conversation. He was short and
young-looking. He was occasionally mistaken
for one of Lincoln?s sons, and grew facial hair to
appear mature. The newly-sworn-in 11th New
York Volunteers entertained the Lincoln family
in their second camp along the Potomac.
Virginia had not voted to join the
Confederacy until April 17, 1861. Even before
that, a large Confederate flag hung over the
Marshall House Hotel in Alexandria. The flag
could be seen from the room where Lincoln
relaxed with his young staff. Ellsworth was
particularly incensed by this insult. When
Virginia seceded, dashing Elmer requested the
lead for the invasion of Alexandria. The 11th New
York crossed the Potomac without resistance to
tear up train track and cut telegraph lines.
Ellsworth led six troops and a newspaper reporter
into the Marshall House to take down the hated
flag.
As the party descended the stairs with the
flag, Ellsworth was concentrating on folding the
massive piece of fabric when the innkeeper
appeared with a shotgun. Ellsworth was shot in
the chest and the hotel man was immediately
killed by the troopers. Elmer Ellsworth was
probably the first U.S. officer killed in the Civil
War. His death was a terrible blow to Lincoln
and the Nation. Lincoln wept. The body lay in
Ellsworth?s death in
April of 1861 shocked
the Nation. (Harper?s
Weekly illustration)
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
63
state at the White House and in New York. The
shock hastened the process of the public?s losing
the ?innocence of war?. Memorials, songs and
Ellsworth?s picture were widely distributed.
The 11th New York was taken out of service
in July, 1862, but many more Zouave units were
organized, both North and South. Many of the
new regiments had Ellsworth?s name attached.
The 9th New York Regiment (Hawkins? Zouaves,
New York Zouaves) was formed while Ellsworth
was recruiting firemen. They participated in
more battles than the 11th NY Regiment. The 5th
New York Regiment, another early Zouave unit,
received the largest fatality in a single battle of
any militia unit at Second Manassas.
Among many images of Zouaves? gallantry
were popular lithographs, cabinet photos of proud
men in uniform and engraved vignettes for
financial documents. Prolific illustrator Felix O.
C. Darley provided artwork for two vignettes.
Original art for ?The Zouave? still exists. The
vignette was used on a United States Treasury
Certificate of Deposit for $10,000 (interest
bearing) in the 1860s (Hessler HX134E), and
found on an $50 Treasury Department-Register
note (only a paste-up essay known). [The latter
instrument was apparently to be used like a state
Comptrollers? Warrant, approving payouts to
contractors and possibly to circulate in limited
fashion.] These rare items were engraved by J.L.
Pease. The fierce Zouave guards the flag with
bayonet poised.
The National Bank Note Company
?Scouting Party? has been attributed to Darley
artwork. It shows a watchful Zouave unit
approaching tents guarded by an abatis or fence.
Only two Obsolete Notes are listed with
this vignette: $10, Salem Bank, Massachusetts
(Haxby MA-1120 G156a)
Darley?s painting of a
fierce Zouave was
rendered into a vignette
by National Bank Note
Company.
(Carol & Murray
Tinkelman collection)
The Zouave appeared on an 1860s Treasury
Certificate of Deposit for $10,000. (Heritage
Auctions)
A proposed Treasury Register?s Certificate for
$50 was to have featured Darley?s Zouave.
(Newman Numismatic Portal)
The Scouting Party vignette by Darley appears in a
NBNCo. die proof on the storage envelope for the
steel die. Troops approach a tent encampment.
The Salem, Massachusetts Bank $2 note used the
scouting Zouaves vignette. (Stacks Bowers
Gallery)
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
64
and $2 of the Hampden Bank, North Castle, New
York (Haxby NY-2015 G8a).
Roger Durand suggested that this vignette
showed the 9th New York Regiment (Hawkins?
Zouaves) at the Battle of Roanoke Island. Darley
did a composition of the Roanoke event for
publication in a periodical. That picture is
entirely different from the bank note vignette.
National Bank Note Company entitled the
vignette ?The Scouting Party?, and it appears to
show troops advancing in brushy country with no
enemy resistance. It looks more like scouting for
enemy units than an actual bayonet charge. No
particular engagement or unit appear to be
represented in the vignette. After all, there were
about 70 Zouave units in the Union Army.
The ?Scouting Party? die, envelope, file
folder and transfer roller were all sold in various
ABNCo. archives auctions. ABNCo. loaned the
die to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing for
the 1998 USPS American Commemoratives?
series page about the Stephen Vincent Benet 32?
stamp. This souvenir collectible is the most
available way to own the beautifully engraved
vignette.
The visual effect of paper currency was
important to the designers then, and beauty and
style are appreciated by collectors now. Obsolete
Notes that use the rather few images of the Civil
War are particularly linked to their time.
Patriotic fervor stimulated bankers to select these
images. The same impulses impelled young men
to rush to join the exotically dressed Zouave
units.
References:
Durand, Roger H. Interesting Notes About Vignettes.
2001.
Epstein, Daniel Mark. Lincoln?s Men. HarperCollins,
2009.
Gilder Lehrman Institute at www.gilderlehrman.org.
Haxby, James A. United States Obsolete Bank Notes.
Krause, 1988.
Hessler, Gene. The Engravers? Line, BNR Press, 1993.
Hessler, Gene. ?Portrait of a Civil War Zouave?. The
Numismatist, October 2002, pp. 66-67.
Illustrators 43. Society of Illustrators, 2001.
Newman Numismatic Portal, Heritage Auction
Galleries, Stack?s Bowers Auctions,
War History Online and Smithsonian Institution
websites.
Hamden Bank of North Castle, New York $2 was
only the second known use of the Zouaves
vignette.
This steel die for the Scouting Party image was on
loan from ABNCo. when it was used to print
the vignette for a Post Office souvenir card.
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
65
The front of the severely burned Type-41 Treasury note endorsed by Maj. Angus G. Quaite, QM
image: M. McNeil
Maj. Angus G. Quaite
Chf. Purch. QM, State of Mississippi
We often see Confederate Treasury notes in
appalling condition on eBay. While the first impulse
is to simply move on, it can be occasionally
rewarding to take a closer look. I did just that with
the severely burned, torn, and taped Type-41 note
illustrated above, and I was rewarded with a new and
very interesting endorsement. All of the key
identifiers of serial number, plate letter, date, and the
signers for Register and Treasurer are intact, and the
remaining paper is of decent Fine 15 quality.
The endorsement reads:
?April 20 1863
A G Quaite A Q M?
This note bears the only known witness to an
issuance by Angus G. Quaite, and after more than a
decade of looking for such endorsements by many
collectors with trained eyes, it will likely remain
extremely rare. The Quaite surname is Scots.
1861 Angus G. Quaite?s military career
began at the age of 30 as a Private in Company F of
the 1st Infantry of Arkansas. Only a passing mention
of this is made on a summary card in the files for
Officers in the National Archives, which contain 72
documents for Quaite. A search of the files for
Arkansas State Infantries produced no records for
Quaite. Records do show, however, that from July
25th to September 25th Quaite served as an army
purchasing agent in Arkansas. He then traveled from
Pitmans Ferry, Arkansas, and arrived at Bowling
Green, Kentucky on December 6th, reporting to the
command of Gen?l W. J. Hardee.
1862 In January Quaite was still at
Bowling Green, Kentucky. A voucher located him at
Corinth, Mississippi on April 2nd, and by June 4th he
appeared as a Capt. & Assistant Commissary of
Subsistance in Phifer?s 3rd Brigade, Army of the
West. Vouchers located him at Tupelo, Mississippi
The Quartermaster Column No. 16
by Michael McNeil
The back of the Type-41 Treasury note with the April
20th, 1863 endorsement by Maj. A. G. Quaite, AQM.
image: M. McNeil
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
66
on June 13th and 30th. He must have proved his worth,
and on October 27th he was appointed as Maj. &
Quarter Master reporting to Gen?l J. C. Moore. He
signed a voucher at Abbeville, Mississippi, on
November 11th.
1863 Documents show that the illustrated
Treasury note was issued at Vicksburg, Mississippi
on April 20th just before Gen?l U. S. Grant?s
successful siege of that city began on May 18th.
Quaite related that he ?...filled the position of Q.M. to
Gen. Moore?s Brig till February 8th, 1863 at which
time I was by order [of] Gen. Stevenson cmdg 2d
Mil. Dist. of Miss, detached and placed in charge of
Gov. agents on the Sunflower River. ...Gen. Moore
did in April relieve me as Q.M. for his brigade.
...Shortly before the siege of Vicksburg I was ordered
by Gen. Pemberton to report to Chief Q. M. Dept.
[Maj. L. Mims] to whom I have been reporting from
the 20th May last to this date.? Quaite signed
vouchers on September 10th at Mobile, Alabama and
on December 1st at Grenada, Mississippi.
1864 On January 9th Quaite was ordered to
report to Gen?l L. Polk for assignment to Gen?l S. D.
Lee as his Chief QM for the District of Alabama,
Mississippi, and East Louisiana. Vouchers located
Quaite at Demopolis, Alabama on February 27th and
March 7th.
He was dropped from the rolls for failure to
execute a bond on April 11th, but he was reinstated on
June 24th. Quaite was again ordered to report to Maj.
L. Mims, who was the Chief QM for the State of
Mississippi.
A letter dated July 23rd, 1864, at Enterprise,
Mississippi from Maj. Mims sheds light on Quaite?s
duties. In this letter Maj. Mims authorized the use of
military force for impressment of supplies:
Major, You will proceed to (illegible) &
Brookhaven or communicate with the Q Mrs at
those points & learn the quantity of supplies in
store at those points belonging to this Dept & see
that proper transportation by Wagons is furnished
for the same to Jackson, from Crystal Springs
provided the New Orleans & Jackson R R be in
good running order, or if there be any delay
thereon then by Wagons over land across the
Country to the line of the M & O R R either to
Enterprise or Meridian.
Your duties generally will be to collect
supplies near the enemies lines in this State where
hitherto officers & agents of this Dept have,
owing to the exposed situation, accomplished but
little. Especially in East Louisiana, in the
Counties of Wilkinson, Adams, Franklin,
Jefferson, Claiborne, and the lower portion of
Hinds I am informed that there are large
quantities of leather & wool to be procured, all of
which you will endeaver to get, by purchase if
possible, otherwise by impressment. It is
important that you keep yourself well provided
with proper transportation so as to haul all such
stores as you obtain to places of safety. You will
not be restricted however to this exposed line but
in any other portion of the State near the enemy
lines you will operate to procure these and any
other QM supplies to be obtained. If it be
necessary at any time to have an armed force to
assist you in procuring any quantity of supplies
sufficient in these localities to ask for it, it is
believed it will be allowed furnished on your
application to the officer Comdg the nearest body
of troops.
You will communicate with me from
time to time from such point as may at the time be
most convenient by mail or telegraph. ....
Very Respty yr obt Servt,
L Mims
Maj & Chf QM of Miss
[emphasis in red italics by McNeil]
The request of the use of impressment and
military force to procure supplies was the source of
much harm to civilians, and as you will see in the
next Quartermaster Column, not all Mississippi
Quartermasters agreed with such measures. In
Mississippi this was one of the causes of a citizen
revolt which led to a famous secession from the
Confederacy by a Mississippi county. Quaite was
promoted to the Chief Purchasing QM of Mississipi
on November 23rd.
1865 Quaite surrendered at Citronelle,
Alabama on May 4th, and he was paroled at Jackson,
Mississippi on May 15th. His parole documents noted
that he was a resident of Helena, Arkansas, a town on
the Mississippi River.
Take a closer look at those ugly, burned, and
abused Treasury notes; this note bears the only
known endorsement by Maj. Angus G. Quaite, QM.
? carpe diem
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
67
An Unlikely Pair!
Our contribution this time comes from an advanced
West Coast collector down in sunny Southern
California. Take a close look at the images and you
will quickly
identify that not
only do these
notes clearly
speak for
themselves,
they are so awe
inspiring that
you may have a
hard time
catching your
breath! This is
still a column in
a magazine, so
let?s dig in and
check out what
makes this pair
so awesome!
We?ve
discussed the
Sci-Fi-Esque,
Godzilla like
growth of the
High
Denomination
market and the
two notes
featured here
are very likely even more coveted now than they
would have been just a few short years ago!
Anyone who might fancy themselves as an expert
collector of $500 Federal Reserve Notes likely has a
few Choice Uncirculated examples in their arsenal.
Being much more than just a novice $500 collector, it
would be expected that an expert would also own at
least a couple of star notes! It would even stand to
reason that anyone who dares claim they are ultimately
dedicated to
the costly
pursuit of
collecting Five
Hundred
Dollar Federal
Reserve Notes
would have
likely even
assembled a
full twelve
note district
set of
uncirculated
1934 Dark
Green Seal
examples,
including the
mighty DGS
St. Louis note,
the all-too-
often
unrecognized
key to the
series with
only 15 total
examples in
all grades that
have currently been certified by PMG! All of these are
extraordinary accomplishments that most collectors
can only fantasize about over the course of their
collecting career. However, one significant milestone
would be missing in all of these instances. The highest
trophy attainable for a high denomination collector,
by Robert Calderman
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
68
with the exception of a nearly impossible serial
number one example, is a series changeover pair!
These two $500 Federal Reserve Notes on the ever-
popular Richmond district have both been certified by
PMG as Choice Uncirculated 64 EPQ. Not only are
they consecutive serial numbers they feature a
changeover in series from 1934 to 1934A. The fact
that this pair was plucked from circulation and saved
in such incredible original condition for future
collectors to enjoy is astounding! For the Richmond
district series of 1934 Dark Green Seal and 1934A
FRN $500?s combined, PMG has graded 331
examples in total with only four notes exceeding the
64EPQ grade level. Compare this with the Chicago
?Type? district tallying in at a massive 3,295 total
examples graded! Richmond $500?s at ten times
tougher than type shine brightly as special notes.
Owning just a single example is something for a
collector to be very proud of. Only 39 uncirculated
examples for both 1934DGS and 1934A Richmond?s
combined have been graded by PMG. For two of these
notes to be consecutive and represent a series
changeover pair makes this a museum quality treasure!
So where on earth was this treasure uncovered?
Collecting has been in vogue for so long now, how can
anything fresh still be unearthed? As they always say,
there?s nothing new under the sun, right? Fortunately
for the collecting community this was far from the case
at a coin show just a few short years ago. The Long
Beach Expo which has unfortunately been on hiatus,
like so many shows have been this past year, has
always been a highlight of the year for many dedicated
dealers and collectors. This amazing pair was
purchased raw at LB by a very savvy vest pocket
dealer. The dealer who sold the pair across the table
knew they were consecutive but the changeover
variety went completely unnoticed making this an
absolutely epic Cherry Pick! Just to underscore the
importance of this pair, there are only two other $500
changeover pairs that have sold publically that I have
been able to identify. A raw 1934/1934A CU pair on
San Francisco that sold for $32,200 in 2007 and a
circulated reverse changeover 1934A/1934 pair on
Kansas City graded XF45EPQ and AU50EPQ that
sold in 2012 for $20,700. This newly found
Richmond pair is an incredible addition to a very
select group of extremely rare changeover pairs
known to exist on the $500 denomination, and in
today?s market would easily become the new record
holder if they were to come up for public auction.
However, this will not be happening anytime soon as
this pair is now the pinnacle prized piece in a very
dedicated collector?s holdings.
Do you have a great Cherry Pick story that you?d like
to share? Your note might be featured here in a future
article and you can remain anonymous if desired!
Email scans of your note with a brief description of
what you paid and where it was found to:
gacoins@earthlink.net.
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
69
The Obsolete Corner
The City of Omaha
by Robert Gill
To all my paper money loving friends, I hope you and your family are doing fine, as our way of life
has been turned upside down with all that's been going on these last six months or so. Hopefully, it will
be leveling off before too much longer. By the time you read this article, we should know if we will have
the honor of continuing our way of life that we have in this country, or if our government will have more
control of the way our lives will be lived in the future. We live in some very scary times, in more ways
than one. But now, let's look at the sheet from my collection that I'm sharing with you.
In this issue of Paper Money, let's go back to the 1850s Territory of Nebraska, and look at some scrip
that was issued during the financial panic that swept thru our country during that time.
According to Gerome Walton, in his book, A History of Nebraska Banking and Paper Money, scrip
was issued by the City of Omaha in 1857 to aid in the erection of a capitol building. Omaha was known
at that time as Omaha City. The following is a brief account for the reason for the issuance of the notes:
The U.S. Congress, in Section 15 of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill (the act that organized Nebraska as a
territory), provided that money should be appropriated for "the erection of suitable buildings at the seat of
government." Congress later appropriated $50,000 for the building of a Territorial Capitol. Work began
on the Capitol at Omaha under Governor Mark W. Izard's administration. Political maneuvering was
being done at this time for the removal of the Capitol from Omaha to another place. It soon became
known that the type of building proposed by Governor Izard could not be built for the $50,000
appropriated by Congress for this purpose. Work had to be stopped on the building due to lack of funds.
Mr. George C. Bovey, senior member of the firm of Bovey and Armstrong, holder for the contract of
the building of the Capitol, was also a member of the City Council of Omaha City. On May 26th, 1857, he
presented the following resolution to the Council:
The above resolution was approved on June 23rd,1857. The Council ordered the Mayor to "procure
plates, and have $30,000 of city scrip issued, and to enter into a contract with the different banks for the
circulation and redemption of said scrip, on the best possible terms".
A special Council Meeting was called on August 29th, 1857, to hasten the issuance of the scrip. At
this meeting the following proposition was submitted to the Council:
"Resolved the Mayor of the City of Omaha be, and he is
hereby, instructed to proceed immediately with the erection
of the capitol building, expending thereon such money as
there may be in the treasury appointed for that purpose, which
funds he may increase at such times he may think best, or by
using the credit of the City."
"We, the undersigned, do hereby agree to receive from the
Mayor of the City of Omaha, of the scrip issued by said city,
the amount opposite our respective names, and to protect the
same for 9 months from the date of issue, for 10% interest for
the 9 months, to be promptly redeemed in currency, provided
the amount issued shall not exceed $30,000, unless protected
by a responsible party who shall stamp the same, and redeem
in Omaha City or the City of Council Bluffs, but in no event
shall the issue exceed $50,000."
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
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Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
71
This proposition was accepted by eight influential men and businesses, and the Mayor was ordered to
close the contract. The amount of scrip authorized, was $50,000. And later, on September 22nd, 1857,
another $10,000 was authorized. An election was held on December 26th, 1857, to let the people decide
on the bond issue. Five hundred ninety-eight affirmative and forty-three negative ballots were cast. The
estimated population of Omaha at that time was about two thousand. As a result, the first bond issue
authorized by the City of Omaha passed. But since the City had a poor credit rating, as well as the all-
around general bad times, bond dealers were not interested, and the bonds were never sold.
In order for the people holding the scrip notes to be protected, an auction of City owned lots was held
with the provision that these lots could be paid for with the notes. The lots sold for unheard of prices,
because the people who owned the notes felt more secure with the land than with the notes.
So there's the history behind these beautiful notes. As "singles", they are by no means rare. But, the
few sheets that survived and were around thirty years ago have just about all been cut up. I've owned this
beautiful piece for many, many years, as it is one of the first sheets that I ever owned.
As I always do, I invite any comments to my cell phone (580) 221-0898, or my personal email
address robertgill@cableone.net.
So, until next time, I wish you HAPPY COLLECTING.
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
72
Mapping Money
To mark its hosting of the latest G20 Summit, last
October Saudi Arabia issued a commemorative 20-
riyal banknote. While that routine bit of monetary
vanity was unremarkable, the same couldn?t be said
about the international outburst that followed. Both
India and Pakistan took issue with a map of the world
printed on the note that represented the geographical
regions known as Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh as
separate entities, rather than as bits of India or
Pakistan. India was particularly incensed, as the Hindu
chauvinist government of Narendra Modi had only the
year before managed to strip Muslim-populated Jammu
and Kashmir of their special status under the Indian
constitution. Likewise, the sparsely-settled Ladakh,
home of the notorious Siachen Glacier over which
Indian and Pakistani troops bravely freeze to death,
was also annexed as Indian union territory. Less
vociferous in its reaction, Pakistan complained that the
Saudi banknote?s depiction of an independent Kashmir
included the part of Kashmir it controlled, as well as
the Gilgit-Baltistan area. China, with its own territorial
claims in Aksai Chin, prudently kept its mouth shut.
All because of a banknote, India threatened to
boycott this important international meeting. At first
glance, this reaction seemed a bit much. To appreciate
the insult requires not just knowing the history and
geography, but having a decent magnifying glass to
scrutinize the banknote?s offensive map. On another
level, though, it is a big deal. Like maps, banknotes are
good examples of what the English academic Michael
Billig once called ?banal nationalism?: everyday
representations of national identity that reinforce the
sense of national belonging through their sheer
ubiquity and use.
The field of cartography is notorious for such
dust-ups. Israel and its opponents regularly trade
insults by producing maps that alternately erase the
Jewish state or a putative Palestine. Turkey freaks out
when maps depict a hypothetical Kurdistan, even as
President Erdogan?s neo-Ottoman ambitions regularly
generate their own cartographic fantasies. Dua Lipa,
the British pop star of Albanian extraction, created a
stir by tweeting a map of a ?Greater Albania? that had
gobbled up Kosovo. About a decade ago, China printed
a map in its passports depicting its borders in a way
that offended a swath of countries across Asia. In
response, immigration officials in those countries
simply refused to stamp the passports. Like
Casablanca?s Captain Louis Renault, who famously
proclaimed ?I blow with the wind?, Google Maps,
operating everywhere at once, bends to the prevailing
gusts of nationalism whenever it has to.
Coins and currencies have also served to amplify
nationalism. Disputes arise when one country objects
to another country?s symbolic appropriations. In 2014,
the Greeks got steamed at the mere rumor that the
(North) Macedonians might place ?their? Alexander the
Great on a banknote. Language choices can also
generate friction. In 2019, when Kazakhstan dropped
Cyrillic script from its currency, Russian nationalists
took umbrage at this alleged disrespect towards the
country?s Russian-speaking minority. Likewise,
lawmakers in Nigeria have courted controversy by
demanding the removal of Arabic language (Ajami)
from naira banknotes on the grounds that its Islamist
insinuation contradicts the secular status of the
Nigerian state.
Not only are both maps and money means of
national self-representation, but the two coincide when
maps themselves are depicted on coins and banknotes.
Guatemala laid claim to its neighbor Belize on an
innocent little 25 centavo piece from 1943. In 2007,
Iran made a point of printing in English the term
?Persian Gulf? on a map appearing on its banknotes,
thus needling its Arab neighbors who prefer the term
?Arabian Gulf?. Although Argentina lost its war with
Great Britain over the Falklands/Malvinas Islands in
1983, over thirty years later it depicted the islands on a
50-peso note that professed the country?s ?sovereign
love? for the lost territory (residents of the Falklands
demurred, while Argentines wished for a bigger
denomination note more in keeping with their
country?s high inflation). After snatching Crimea
away from Ukraine in 2014, Russia later rubbed in the
humiliation by issuing a 200-ruble note featuring an
outline of the Crimean peninsula. Ukraine in turn
banned the note from circulating within its territory.
For South Korea, it was a case of a map on a
banknote that wasn?t. Back in 2008, the authorities
were all ready to print a 100,000 won note featuring
the famous Daedongyeojido, celebrated as the first
map of Korea. Inconveniently, the map happened not
to include the Dokdo Islands (Takeshima), whose
ownership the Koreans dispute with the Japanese. The
ensuing controversy kept the banknotes from being
produced.
Despite the cartographic outrage to India?s
sovereignty, Prime Minister Modi attended the G20
meeting after all (Zoom makes attending these
meetings so easy). In the meantime, Saudi Arabia has
promised to retire the offending banknote, creating an
instant rarity to the joy of collectors across all borders.
Chump Change
Loren Gatch
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
73
The Society of Paper Money
Collectors was organized in 1961 and
incorporated in 1964 as a non-profit
organization under the laws of the
District of Columbia. It is
affiliated with the ANA. The
Annual Meeting of the SPMC is
held in June at the International
Paper Money Show. Information
about the SPMC, including the
by-laws and activities can be
found at our website--
www.spmc.org. The SPMC does
not does not endorse any dealer,
company or auction house.
MEMBERSHIP?REGULAR and
LIFE. Applicants must be at least 18
years of age and of good moral
character. Members of the ANA or
other recognized numismatic
societies are eligible for membership.
Other applicants should be sponsored
by an SPMC member or provide
suitable references.
MEMBERSHIP?JUNIOR.
Applicants for Junior membership
must be from 12 to 17 years of age
and of good moral character. A parent
or guardian must sign their
application. Junior membership
numbers will be preceded by the letter
?j? which will be removed upon
notification to the secretary that the
member has reached 18 years of age.
Junior members are not eligible to
hold office or vote.
DUES?Annual dues are $39. Dues
for members in Canada and Mexico
are $45. Dues for members in all
other countries are $60. Life
membership?payable in installments
within one year is $800 for U.S.; $900
for Canada and Mexico and $1000
for all other countries. The Society
no longer issues annual membership
cards but paid up members may
request one from the membership
director with an SASE.
Memberships for all members who
joined the Society prior to January
2010 are on a calendar year basis
with renewals due each December.
Memberships for those who joined
since January 2010 are on an annual
basis beginning and ending the
month joined. All renewals are due
before the expiration date, which can
be found on the label of Paper
Money. Renewals may be done via
the Society website www.spmc.org
or by check/money order sent to the
secretary.
WELCOME TO OUR NEW MEMBERS!
BY FRANK CLARK
SPMC MEMBERSHIP DIRECTOR
NEW MEMBERS 11/05/2020
15174 Frank Alberico, P M Reference
15175 Douglas Cable, Frank Clark
15176 Michael Hammond, Cody R.
15177 Roger Ball, Tom Denly
15178 Ralph Silverman, ANA AD
15179 Robert Lisk, Website
15180 Gary Johnson, Website
15181 Stephen Russell, Website
15182 Donald Scarinci, Website
15183 Dennis R. Clark, Tom Denly
15184 Ronald Foley Jr, Robert C.
15185 Frank C. Masi, Website
15186 James Merritt, ANA Ad
15187 Byron Beall, ANA Ad
15188 Freddie Flowers
15189 Christy Lollis, Robert Calderman
15190 Keith Turner, Robert Calderman
REINSTATEMENTS
None
LIFE MEMBERSHIPS
None
NEW MEMBERS 12/05/2020
15191 Frank Garrett, Tom Denly
15192 James Nelson, ANA Ad
15193 Jacob Hall, Robert Calderman
15194 Peter J. Windoloski, Tom Denly
15195 Jordan Pettus, Website
15196 Jack Weed, Guide Book US
Paper Money
15197 Earl Bennett, Website
15198 Mark Taylor, Tom Denly
15199 Maureen Levine, Bruce Hagen
15200 Ted Stiner, Website
15201 Paul Olson, Website
15202 Corey Shannon, Website
15203 Daniel Burns, Website
REINSTATEMENTS
13514 Jeffrey Gaughan, Tom Denly
LIFE MEMBERSHIPS
None
Dues Remittal Process
Send dues directly to
Robert Moon
SPMC Treasurer
104 Chipping Ct
Greenwood, SC 29649
Refer to your mailing label for when
your dues are due.
You may also pay your dues online at
www.spmc.org.
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
74
An Index to Paper Money, Volume 59, 2020
Whole Numbers 325-330
Compiled by Terry A. Bryan
Yr. Vol. No. Pg.
Aidala, Dr. Enrico
A Black Issue Date Stamp on Confederate Currency, A Search for its Location. .... 20 59 328 274
BANKS, BANKERS & BANKING
The Curious Career of T. W. Dyott, M.D., Q. David Bowers (Pa. notes) ............... 20 59 329 301
Dual Signatures on National Bank Notes, Frank Clark ........................................... 20 59 327 189
A Large Deposit at a Small-Town Bank, Editor & Lee Lofthus ............................ 20 59 328 295
Pat Lyon at the Forge, Terry A. Bryan (bank robbery, PA, vignette) ....................... 20 59 328 244
Bleichner, Gary
?Grand? Discovery, (Minnesota National Currency) .............................................. 20 59 328 294
Bolin, Benny/ Melamed, Rick
CSA Watermarks on Confederate Notes & Fractional Specimens ........................... 20 59 330 403
Boling, Joseph E. (Uncoupled Columns)
Artwork from Warrington, (with Fred Schwan) .................................................... 20 59 328 254
A Few Chinese Fakes, (with Fred Schwan) ............................................................. 20 59 326 134
More Art from Warrington, (with Fred Schwan) ..................................................... 20 59 329 352
More Art from Warrington-Part 3, (with Fred Schwan) .......................................... 20 59 330 450
More Chinese Frauds, (with Fred Schwan) .............................................................. 20 59 327 196
World War I-One More Time, (with Fred Schwan) (Notgeld) ................................. 20 59 325 47
Bowers, Q. David
The Curious Career of T.W. Dyott, M.D., (Pa. Obsoletes) ..................................... 20 59 329 301
The Delaware & Hudson Canal & Its Paper Money Issues, (Pa., N.Y. scrip) ........ 20 59 326 102
Bryan, Terry A.
Commodore Jacob Jones? Gallant Fight, (Delaware scrip) ..................................... 20 59 329 346
Pat Lyon at the Forge, (vignette, PA currency) ....................................................... 20 59 328 244
The Viviandiere, (vignette) ....................................................................................... 20 59 330 439
Bruyer, Nick
The Panic of 1837 & the First U.S. Demand Notes, ............................................... 20 59 325 4
Calderman, Robert (Cherry Picker?s Corner)
Cherry Picks from Our Readers, illus ....................................................................... 20 59 325 54
Collecting the Impossible (Small notes) ................................................................... 20 59 328 265
Deuces Wild (1928A $2) .......................................................................................... 20 59 326 148
Dreaming of the Keys (Series 1950 FRN design) ..................................................... 20 59 327 209
Rarity Shines in 2020, (Small notes) ......................................................................... 20 59 330 462
Stacking Silver...Certificates, (1886 $5 Silver Certificates) ..................................... 20 59 329 362
Clark, Frank
Dual Signatures on National Bank Notes .................................................................. 20 59 327 189
CONFEDERATE AND SOUTHERN STATES CURRENCY
A Black Issue Date Stamp on Confederate Currency/A Search for its Location,
A Search for its Location, Dr. Enrico Aidala ..................................................... 29 59 328 274
CSA Watermarks on Confederate Notes & Fractional Specimens,
Rick Melamed, Benny Bolin .............................................................................. 20 59 330 403
Financing Government During Reconstruction: The County of Montgomery, Alabama
& Their Revenue Tax Anticipation Notes of 1867, Bill Gunther ...................... 20 59 326 126
The Quartermaster Column No. 10, Michael McNeil (Dr. Daniel Parker) ............... 20 59 325 58
The Quartermaster Column No. 11, Michael McNeil (Capt. Hector McLean) ........ 20 59 326 146
The Quartermaster Column No. 12, Michael McNeil (Capt. B. R. Davis) ............... 20 59 327 206
The Quartermaster Column No. 13, Michael McNeil (Capt. W. W. Peirce) ............ 20 59 328 260
The Quartermaster Column No. 14, Michael McNeil (Michailoffsky) ..................... 20 59 329 357
The Quartermaster Column No. 15, Michael McNeil (Felix Senac) ......................... 20 59 330 464
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
75
COUNTERFEIT, ALTERED & SPURIOUS NOTES
Artwork from Warrington, Joseph E. Boling (with Fred Schwan) ........................... 20 59 328 254
A Few Chinese Fakes, Joseph E. Boling (with Fred Schwan) .................................. 20 59 326 134
More Art from Warrington, Joseph E. Boling (with Fred Schwan)
(Counterfeit overprints on many countries? notes) ....................... .................... 20 59 329 352
More Art from Warrington-Part 3, (with Fred Schwan) ......................................... 20 59 330 450
More Chinese Frauds, Joseph E. Boling (with Fred Schwan) ................................... 20 59 327 196
What?s in a Signature? Loren Gatch (Counterfeit/signers) ....................................... 20 59 328 271
Derby, Charles
Mason?s Job Office of Rome, Georgia: David Hastings Mason, Jr.
& His Tri-State Obsolete Currency, (Ala., Ga. Tenn. scrip) ............................ 20 59 330 426
Drengson, Mark
The SPMC Bank Note History Project, Part 1, ....................................................... 20 59 327 215
Dzara, Jerry
John Bouvier Printer, Jurist, (Pennsylvania scrip) .................................................. 20 59 325 43
Mining Vignettes on Obsolete Banknotes, .............................................................. 20 59 330 422
Note Issuing Banks in Antebellum Fayette County, Pennsylvania, ........................ 20 59 327 194
ENGRAVERS & ENGRAVING AND PRINTING
An Alternate Look at the ?Giori? Jefferson Test Notes, Roland Rollins ................ 20 59 327 173
CSA Watermarks on Confederate Notes & Fractional Specimens,
Rick Melamed, Benny Bolin .............................................................................. 20 59 330 403
$5 Philadelphia Late-Finished Face 39, Jamie Yakes (Small Notes column) ........... 20 59 329 366
John Bouvier Printer, Jurist, Jerry Dzara (Pennsylvania scrip) ................................. 20 59 325 43
Laundering Money at the U.S. Treasury, 1912-1918, Loren Gatch .......................... 20 59 327 202
Mason?s Job Office of Rome, Georgia: David Hastings Mason Jr.
& His Tri-State Obsolete Currency, Charles Derby ......................................... 20 59 330 426
Mixing of Signature Combinations in $1 1935-1935D Silver Certificate
Serial Number Blocks, Peter Huntoon (The Paper Column) ............................. 20 59 325 22
Patent Dates on Early Large Size Currency & Certificates of Deposit,
Peter Huntoon (The Paper Column) ................................................................... 20 59 327 156
Treasury Seal Varieties Between 1885 & 1910, Peter Huntoon, Doug Murray ...... 20 59 327 170
$20 Series of 1882 gold Certificate Intaglio Plate layout Varieties,
Peter Huntoon (The Paper Column) ................................................................... 20 59 328 224
Farrenkopf, Joe
Alternating Plate Serial Font Sizes on Series 2013 $20 Federal Reserve Notes ....... 20 59 327 165
Feller, Steve
Coney Island: The Greatest American Amusement Area, (N.Y. tokens, etc.) ........ 20 59 329 373
Fysikas, Evengelos
WW 2 British Military Authority Notes for Greece, The R Series (1944-1947) ...... 20 59 326 111
Gardner, Tom
Paper Money w/a Connection to Keokuk?s Estes House (Iowa scrip, college curr) . 20 59 328 230
Gatch, Loren (Chump Change column)
Book Review (see SPMC Greenberg review) ........................................................... 20 59 330 456
Commonwealth Edison?s Federal Dividend Coupon System, ................................ 20 59 326 116
Currencies Divided, How do they Stand? (Yemen, Libya) ....................................... 20 59 326 150
Laundering Money at the U.S. Treasury, 1912-1918 ................................................ 20 59 327 202
Paper Money and Politics ......................................................................................... 20 59 329 368
Pass Go, Collect $200 (financial decision-making, games) ...................................... 20 59 325 53
What?s in a Signature? (Signatures as mark of genuine notes) ................................. 20 59 328 271
Gill, Robert (Obsolete Corner column)
The American Theatre, Bowery, (New York scrip) .................................................. 20 59 326 144
James J. Ott, Nevada Assay Office, ........................................................................ 20 59 329 344
The Marine Bank of Chicago, (Illinois notes) ........................................................... 20 59 329 364
The Monmouth Bank, (New Jersey) ......................................................................... 20 59 328 268
The Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Company, (Pa scrip) ..................................... 20 59 327 212
The Redford Glass Company, (New York Scrip) ..................................................... 20 59 325 56
The Safford, Hudson & Co. Bankers, (Arizona) ..................................................... 20 59 330 460
The Texas Association, (Stock Certificate) ............................................................. 20 59 328 273
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
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Gladfelter, David/Huntoon, P.
Camden, N.J. National Bank Had a Branch in Philadelphia, Pa. .............................. 20 59 325 37
Gunther, Bill
Financing Government During Reconstruction: The County of Montgomery, Alabama
& Their Revenue Tax Anticipation Notes of 1867, ........................... 20 59 326 126
Halland, Kent and Laub, Robert
The P.N.B. and M.O.B. Rarities of the Small-Town U.S. Postal Note Offices, ..... 20 59 330 441
Huntoon, Peter
Camden, N.J. National Bank Had a Branch in Philadelphia, Pa., (w/D.Gladfelter) 20 59 325 37
Duplicated National Bank Titles ............................................................................... 20 59 330 390
The First National Bank in Utah Territory, .......................................................... 20 59 330 414
Mixing of Signature Combinations in $1 1935-1935D Silver Certificate
Serial Number Blocks, ..................................................................................... 20 59 325 22
Napier-Burke Nationals are Sleepers ........................................................................ 20 59 328 234
1917-1924. A Burst of New Type Notes, (with Lee Lofthus) ............................... 20 59 329 331
One Dollar 1918 FRBN Out-of-Range Numbered Note Discovery, (St. Louis) ....... 20 59 330 448
One Dollar Series of 1899, (Signatures & Plate Varieties) ................................... 20 59 326 88
One Dollar Series of 1923, (Signature Transitions) .............................................. 20 59 329 321
Patent Dates on Early Large Size Currency & Certificates of Deposit, ................... 20 59 327 156
Seal Varieties on Series of 1928 FRNs, ............................................................... 20 59 326 122
Treasury Seal Varieties between 1885 & 1910, (with Doug Murray) ....................... 20 59 327 179
$20 Series of 1882 gold Certificate Intaglio Plate Layout Varieties ......................... 20 59 328 224
INTERNATIONAL. CURRENCY
Artwork from Warrington, Joseph E. Boling and Fred Schwan ............................... 20 59 328 254
Currencies Divided, How Do they Stand? Loren Gatch ........................................... 20 59 326 150
A Few Chinese Fakes, Joseph E. Boling and Fred Schwan ...................................... 20 59 326 134
Korean MPC Coupons in Detail, ...................................................... .................... 20 59 325 47
More Art from Warrington, Joseph E. Boling and Fred Schwan)
(Counterfeit overprints on many countries? notes) .................... .................... 20 59 329 352
More Art from Warrington-Part 3, Joseph E. Boling and Fred Schwan ................. 20 59 330 450
More Chinese Frauds, Joseph E. Boling (with Fred Schwan) ................................. 20 59 327 196
Thai MPC Coupons in Detail, Fred Schwan (with Joseph E. Boling) 20 ................ 20 59 326 134
World War I-One More Time, Joe Boling and Fred Schwan (Notgeld) ................... 20 59 325 47
Laub, Robert/ Halland, Kent
The P.N.B. and M.O.B. Rarities of the Small-Town U.S. Postal Note Offices ........ 20 59 330 441
Lofthus, Lee
A Large Deposit at a Small-Town Bank, (photo credit) ......................................... 20 59 328 295
1917-1924. A Burst of New Type Notes, (with Peter Huntoon) ............................. 20 59 329 331
Series 1923 $5 Porthole Silver Certificates Doomed by Treasury Policies, ........... 20 59 326 80
McNeil, Michael
The Quartermaster Column No. 10, (Dr. Daniel Parker) .......................................... 20 59 325 58
The Quartermaster Column No. 11, (Capt.Hector McLean) ..................................... 20 59 326 146
The Quartermaster Column No. 12, (Capt. B. R. Davis) .......................................... 20 59 327 206
The Quartermaster Column No. 13, (Capt. W. W. Peirce) ....................................... 20 59 328 260
The Quartermaster Column No. 14, (Capt. J. G. Michailoffsky) .............................. 20 59 329 357
The Quartermaster Column No. 15, (Felix Senac) .................................................... 20 59 330 464
Maples, J. Fred
The Farmers & Merchants National Bank of Baltimore, MD, Charter 1337, ......... 20 59 330 437
The Farmers & Merchants National Bank of Cambridge, MD., Charter 5880, ...... 20 59 329 342
The First National Bank of Havre de Grace, Maryland, ......................................... 20 59 327 192
The National Howard Bank of Baltimore, MD, ...................................................... 20 59 328 241
Melamed, Rick/ Benny Bolin
CSA Watermarks on Confederate Notes & Fractional Specimens ........................... 20 59 330 403
Postage Currency Note with Cairo, Illinois Bank Stamp, ....................................... 20 59 328 251
William Pitt Fessenden: Lincoln?s Financial Savior & Architect of Reconstruction, 20 59 325 30
MILITARY PAYMENT CERTIFICATES AND MILITARY CURRENCY
Allied Use of MPC, Part 5, Fred Schwan and Joseph E. Boling
(Use of MPC among peacekeeping forces, Canada, Mexico, etc.) .................... 20 59 327 196
Joseph Boling to speak on short-snorters at 21st. annual MPCFest, Editor ............... 20 59 326 143
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
77
Korean MPC Coupons in Detail, Fred Schwan and Joseph E. Boling) ................... 20 59 325 47
More Art from Warrington, Joseph E. Boling and Fred Schwan ......... .................... 20 59 329 352
Packaging (MPCs), Fred Schwan (with Joseph E. Boling)(Uncoupled col.) ............ 20 59 328 254
Thai MPC Coupons in Detail, Fred Schwan (with Joseph E. Boling) .................... 20 59 326 134
World War I-One More Time, (with Fred Schwan) (Notgeld) .......... .................... 20 59 325 47
WW 2 British Military Authority Notes for Greece, The R Series (1944-1947),
Evengelos Fysikas ......................................................................... .................... 20 59 326 111
World War II Checks, Fred Schwan and Joseph E. Boling .................. .................... 20 59 329 352
World War II Idle Tire Program Checks and Joseph Boling ............... .................... 20 59 330 450
Murray, Doug
Treasury Seal Varieties between 1885 & 1910, (with Peter Huntoon) ................... 20 59 327 179
NEW LITERATURE (articles under SPMC Book Reviews below)
Thian?s Masterpiece & the Early Literature of Confederate Paper Money ............... 20 59 326 87
Bank Notes & Shinplasters by Greenberg ................................................................. 20 59 330 456
OBSOLETE NOTES & SCRIP
The American Theatre, Bowery, Robert Gill (New York) ........................................ 20 59 326 144
Camden, N.J. National Bank Had a Branch in Philadelphia, Pa.,
Peter Huntoon, David Gladfelter (The Paper Column) ...................................... 20 59 325 37
Commodore Jacob Jones? Gallant Fight, Terry A. Bryan (Delaware scrip) ........... 20 59 329 346
Commonwealth Edison?s Federal Dividend Coupon System, Loren Gatch ............. 20 59 326 116
Coney Island: The Greatest American Amusement Area, Steve Feller (N.Y.) ....... 20 59 329 373
The Curious Career of T. W. Dyott, M.D., Q. David Bowers (Pa. notes) .............. 20 59 329 301
The Delaware & Hudson Canal & Its Paper Money Issues, Q. David Bowers ......... 20 59 326 102
Financing Government During Reconstruction: The County of Montgomery, Alabama
& Their Revenue Tax Anticipation Notes of 1867, Bill Gunther ...................... 20 59 326 126
James J. Ott, Nevada Assay Office, Robert Gill ..................................................... 20 59 329 344
John Bouvier Printer, Jurist, Jerry Dzara (Pennsylvania scrip) ................................. 20 59 325 43
The Marine Bank of Chicago, Robert Gill, Illinois) ................................................. 20 59 329 364
Mason?s Job Office of Rome, Georgia: David Hastings Mason Jr.
& His Tri-State Obsolete Currency, Charles Derby (Ala. Ga. Tenn. Scrip) ...... 20 59 330 426
Mining Vignettes on Obsolete Banknotes, Jerry Dzara ............................................ 20 59 330 422
The Monmouth Bank, Robert Gill, (New Jersey) ..................................................... 20 59 328 268
Note Issuing Banks of Antebellum Fayette County, Pennsylvania, Jerry Dzara ...... 20 59 327 194
The Panic of 1837 & the First U. S. Demand Notes, illus, Nick Bruyer ................... 20 59 325 4
Paper Money with a Connection to Keokuk?s Estes House, Tom Gardner ............... 20 59 328 232
Pat Lyon at the Forge, Terry A. Bryan (vignette, PA bank notes) .......................... 20 59 328 244
The Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Company, Robert Gill .................................. 20 59 327 212
The P.N.B. and M.O.B. Rarities of the Small-Town U.S. Postal Note Offices,
Kent Halland, Robert Laub ................................................................................ 20 59 330 441
The Redford Glass Company, Robert Gill (New York Scrip) .................................. 20 59 325 56
The Safford, Hudson & Co. Bankers, Robert Gill (Arizona) .................................... 20 59 330 460
The Texas Association, Robert Gill (Stock certificate) ............................................. 20 59 328 273
The Vivandiere, Terry A. Bryan (vignette) ............................................................... 20 59 330 439
Rollins, Roland
An Alternate Look at the ?Giori? Jefferson Test Notes, ......................................... 20 59 327 173
Schwan, Fred Uncoupled Column
Allied Use of MPC, Part 5, (with Joseph E. Boling)
(Use of MPC among peacekeeping forces, Canada, Mexico, etc.) .................... 20 59 327 196
Korean MPC Coupons In Detail, (with Joseph E. Boling) ...................................... 20 59 325 47
Packaging (MPCs), (with Joseph E. Boling) ........................................................... 20 59 328 254
Thai MPC Coupons in Detail, (with Joseph E. Boling) ....................... .................... 20 59 326 134
World War II Checks, (with Joseph E. Boling) ................................. .................... 20 59 329 352
World War II Idle Tire Program Checks, (with Joseph Boling) .......... .................... 20 59 330 450
SOCIETY OF PAPER MONEY COLLECTORS.
Editor Sez (Benny Bolin) (Editor?s column) .......................................... .................. 20 59 325 63
.......................................................................................... .................. 20 59 326 79
.......................................................................................... .................. 20 59 327 155
.......................................................................................... .................. 20 59 328 223
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
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.......................................................................................... .................. 20 59 329 300
.......................................................................................... .................. 20 59 330 388
Hall of Fame, 2020 Inductees ......................................................... .................. 20 59 329 351
In Memoriam:
Dr. Harold Don Allen ........................................................................................ 20 59 329 340
David Seelye ...................................................................................................... 20 59 327 201
Austin Moses Sheheen, Jr .................................................................................. 20 59 330 389
Index to Paper Money, Vol. 58, 2019, Nos. 319-324, Terry Bryan .......................... 20 59 325 64
Book Review by David Fanning
Thian?s Masterpiece & the Early Literature of Confederate Paper Money, .... 20 59 326 87
Book Review by Loren Gatch
Banknotes and Shinplasters: The Rage for Paper Money in the Early Republic,
By Joshua R. Greenberg ...................................................................... 20 59 330 456
Letters to the Editor (no letters published this year)
President?s Column (R. Shawn Hewitt) .................................................................... 20 59 325 61
............................................................................................................. 20 59 326 78
............................................................................................................. 20 59 327 154
............................................................................................................. 20 59 328 222
............................................................................................................. 20 59 329 299
............................................................................................................. 20 59 330 387
SPMC Announcing Corbin Auction of Past Issues of Paper Money ........................ 20 59 328 249
SPMC Bank Note History Project (National BN database), Mark Drengson ........... 20 59 327 215
SPMC Book Publishing Guidance ............................................................................ 20 59 329 371
SPMC Governor, Welcome New Governor Bill Litt ................................................ 20 59 328 243
SPMC Service Awards, Literary Awards ................................................................. 20 59 329 349
SPMC Speaker Series at F.U.N. ................................................................................ 20 59 324 52
SPMC New Members, Frank Clark, Membership Director ...................................... 20 59 325 62
............................................................................................................. 20 59 326 132
............................................................................................................. 20 59 327 205
............................................................................................................. 20 59 328 272
............................................................................................................. 20 59 329 369
............................................................................................................. 20 59 330 468
U.S. NATIONAL BANK NOTES
Camden, N.J. National Bank Had a Branch in Philadelphia, Pa.,
Peter Huntoon, David Gladfelter (The Paper Column) ...................................... 20 59 325 37
Dual Signatures on National Bank Notes, Frank Clark ........................................... 20 59 327 189
Duplicated National Bank Titles, Peter Huntoon (The Paper Column) .................... 20 59 330 390
The Farmers & Merchants National Bank of Baltimore, MD, Charter 1337,
J. Fred Maples .................................................................................................... 20 59 330 437
The Farmers & Merchants National Bank of Cambridge, MD, Charter 5880,
J. Fred Maples .................................................................................................... 20 59 329 342
The First National Bank in Utah Territory, Peter Huntoon (The Paper Column) ..... 20 50 330 414
The First National Bank of Havre de Grace, Maryland, J. Fred Maples ................. 20 59 327 192
A ?Grand? Discovery, Gary Bleichner (Minnesota Nationals) ............................... 20 59 328 294
Napier-Burke Nationals are Sleepers, Peter Huntoon (The Paper Column) ............. 20 59 328 234
The National Howard Bank of Baltimore, MD., Charter 4218, J. Fred Maples ........ 20 59 328 241
Postage Currency Note with Cairo, Illinois Bank Stamp, Rick Melamed ................. 20 59 328 251
What?s in a Signature, Loren Gatch (Nationals/signatures) ...................................... 20 59 328 271
U.S. LARGE and SMALL SIZE NOTES
Cherry Picks From Our Readers, Robert Calderman ................................................ 20 59 325 54
CSA Watermarks on Confederate Notes & Fractional Specimens,
Rick Melamed, Benny Bolin .............................................................................. 20 59 330 403
Deuces Wild, Robert Calderman (Cherry Picker?s Corner) (1928A $2) ................... 20 59 326 148
The Panic of 1837 & the First U.S. Demand Notes, Nick Bruyer ............................. 20 59 325 4
Patent Dates on Early Large Size Currency & Certificates of Deposit,
Peter Huntoon (The Paper Column) ................................................................... 20 59 327 156
Laundering Money at the U.S. Treasury, 1912-1918, Loren Gatch .......................... 20 59 327 202
1917-1924. A Burst of New Type Notes, Peter Huntoon, Lee Lofthus .................. 20 59 329 331
Postage Currency Note with Cairo, Illinois Bank Stamp, Rick Melamed ................. 20 59 328 251
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
79
Rarity Shines in 2020, Robert Calderman ............................................................... 20 59 330 462
Treasury Seal Varieties between 1885 & 1910, Peter Huntoon, Doug Murray ...... 20 59 327 179
William Pitt Fessenden: Lincoln?s Financial Savior & Architect of the Reconstruction,
Rick Melamed ................................................................................................... 20 59 325 30
FEDERAL RESERVE NOTES
Alternating Plate Serial Font Sizes on Series 2013 $20 Federal Reserve Notes,
Joe Farrenkopf ................................................................................................... 20 59 327 165
Cherry Picks From Our Readers, Robert Calderman (C.P. column) ......................... 20 59 325 54
Dreaming of the Keys, Robert Calderman (Series 1950 FRN design changes) ........ 20 59 327 209
$5 Philadelphia Late-Finished Face 39, Jamie Yakes (Small Notes column) ........... 20 59 329 366
1928 $10 St. Louis Transitional-Green Seal Star, Jamie Yakes (Small Notes col.) .. 20 59 330 457
One Dollar 1918 FRBN Out-of-Range Numbered Note Discovery, Peter Huntoon . 20 59 330 448
Seal Varieties on Series of 1928 FRNs, Peter Huntoon (The Paper Column) .......... 20 59 326 122
Styles of Paper Money Collecting (Update), Ed Zegers (Federal Reserve Notes) .... 20 59 325 46
Treasury Ceases Printing Deuces, Jamie Yakes (Small Notes column) .................... 20 59 327 204
SILVER AND GOLD CERTIFICATES
Inflationary Silver Certificates, Jamie Yakes (Small Notes column) ........................ 20 59 326 151
Mixing of Signature Combinations in $1 1935-1935DSilver Certificate
Serial Number Blocks, Peter Huntoon (The Paper Column) ............................. 20 59 325 22
One Dollar Series of 1899 Silver Certificates (Signatures, Plates), Peter Huntoon 20 59 326 88
One Dollar Series of 1923 Silver Certificates (Signature Transitions), P. Huntoon . 20 59 329 321
Series 1923 $5 Porthole silver Certificates Doomed by Treasury Policies,
Lee Lofthus ........................................................................................................ 20 59 326 80
Stacking Silver !...Certificates, Robert Calderman(1886 $5 Silver Certificates) ...... 20 59 329 362
$20 Series of 1882 gold Certificate Intaglio Plate layout Varieties,
Peter Huntoon (The Paper Column) ................................................................... 20 59 328 224
Yakes, Jamie
$5 Philadelphia Late-Finished Face 39, (Small Notes column) .............................. 20 59 329 366
Inflationary Silver Certificates, (Small Notes column) ............................................. 20 59 326 151
1928 $10 St. Louis Transitional-Green Seal Star, (Small Notes column) ................. 20 59 330 457
Treasury Ceases Printing Deuces, (Small Notes column) ......................................... 20 59 327 204
Zegers, Ed
Styles of Paper Money Collecting (Update), (Federal Reserve Notes) ................... 20 59 325 46
Paper Money * Jan/Dec 2021 * Whole No. 331
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OUR MEMBERS SPECIALIZE IN
NATIONAL CURRENCY
They also specialize in Large Size Type Notes, Small Size Currency,
Obsolete Currency, Colonial and Continental Currency, Fractionals,
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and numerous other areas.
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is the leading organization of OVER 100 DEALERS in Currency,
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To be assured of knowledgeable, professional, and ethical dealings
when buying or selling currency, look for dealers who
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For a FREE copy of the PCDA Membership Directory listing names, addresses and specialties
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Please visit our Web Site pcda.com for dates and location.
? Encourages public awareness and education regarding the hobby of Paper Money Collecting.
? Sponsors the John Hickman National Currency Exhibit Award each June at the International Paper
Money Show, as well as Paper Money classes and scholarships at the A.N.A.?s Summer Seminar series.
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Or Visit Our Web Site At: www.pcda.com
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William E. Chandler?s Fractional Currency Presentation Book Fr. 1373a 50? Third Issue Justice
PMG About Uncirculated 53
Fr. 1329SP 50? Third Issue Spinner
PMG About Uncirculated 55 EPQ
Fr. 1339SP 50? Third Issue Spinner Type II Back
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Fr. 1353 50? Third Issue Justice
PMG Very Fine 30 EPQ
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PMG Very Fine 30 Net
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