Please sign up as a member or login to view and search this journal.
Table of Contents
Origin and Demise of the 1890/1891 Treasury Notes--Peter Huntoon
SPMC FUN Activities
Merchant, Postmaster, Planter; Like Father, Like Son--Bill Gunther
Some Interesting Civil War Monetary Instruments--Steve Feller
Second Issue Fractional Currency Progress Proofs--Rick Melamed
Glass-Borah Amendment--Peter Huntoon
National Bank Notes with Women's Signatures--Frank Clark
official journal of
The Society of Paper Money Collectors
Origin & Demise of 1890/91 Treasury Notes
SHARE IN OUR SUCCESS
Consign today to the Stack?s Bowers Galleries
Global Showcase Auction in August 2022
LEGENDARY COLLECTIONS | LEGENDARY RESULTS | A LEGENDARY AUCTION FIRM
America?s Oldest and Most Accomplished Rare Coin Auctioneer
Contact us today about
including your currency
in our August 2022
Global Showcase Auction!
West Coast: 800.458.4646
East Coast: 800.566.2580
Consign@StacksBowers.com
e Most Valuable United States Paper Money Collection
e Joel R. Anderson Collection for more than $40 Million
Winner NLG Best Paper Money Catalog of 2018 and 2019
e Most Valuable
U.S. Numismatic Collection
e D. Brent Pogue Collection
for more than $140 Million,
including Part VI, Masterpieces of U.S.
Paper Money which realized over $9 million
Winner NLG Best Paper Money Catalog of 2020
Stack?s Bowers Galleries invites you to share in our success when you
consign your United States or World currency to our August 2022 auction.
Our nearly 90 years of experience and our unsurpassed expertise have
resulted in record breaking results and attracted numerous awards.
e robust market, our record of success, and the cutting-edge auction
technology developed by Stack?s Bowers Galleries create the perfect
environment for you to realize top market price for your currency,
across all paper money categories and price levels. Contact us today
to consign to our Global Showcase Auction in August 2022!
Call 800-458-4646 to speak to a consignment specialist who can
help you with all aspects of the process.
Email Consign@StacksBowers.com with information about your
consignment and receive a con dential reply.
1550 Scenic Avenue, Suite 150, Costa Mesa, CA 92626 ? 800.458.4646 ? 949.253.0916
470 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10022 ? 800.566.2580 ? 212.582.2580
1735 Market Street, Suite 130, Philadelphia, PA 19103 ? 800.840.1913 ? Philly@StacksBowers.com
Info@StacksBowers.com ? StacksBowers.com
California ? New York ? Philadelphia ? New Hampshire ? Oklahoma ? Hong Kong ? Paris
SBG CDN_PM AugConsign 220501
a_oM_om
W?????&??????????? ??? ^???????
?????????>????d?????????????????K???????D?????
32%R[6DQ$QWRQLR7;SLHUUHIULFNH#EX\YLQWDJHPRQH\FRPZZZEX\YLQWDJHPRQH\FRP
$QGPDQ\PRUH&6$8QLRQDQG2EVROHWH%DQN1RWHV IRU VDOH UDQJLQJ IURPWRILYHILJXUHV
178
Origin & Demise of the 1890/91 Treasury Notes--Peter Huntoon
SPMC F.U.N. Tentative Activities
Merchant, Postmaster & Planter: Like Father, Like Son--Bill Gunther
Second Issue Fractional Currency Progress Proofs--Rick Melamed
Some Interesting Civil War Monetary Instruments--Steve Feller
193
162
179
184
198 Glass-Borah Amendment--Peter Huntoon
204 National Bank Notes with Women's Signatures--Frank Clark
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
157
Columns
Advertisers
SPMC Hall of Fame
The SPMC Hall of Fame recognizes and honors those individuals who
have made a lasting contribution to the society over the span of many years.?
Charles Affleck
Walter Allan
Doug Ball
Hank Bieciuk
Joseph Boling
F.C.C. Boyd
Michael Crabb
Forrest Daniel
Martin Delger
William Donlon
Roger Durand
C. John Ferreri
Milt Friedberg
Robert Friedberg
Len Glazer
Nathan Gold
Nathan Goldstein
James Haxby
John Herzog
Gene Hessler
John Hickman
William Higgins
Ruth Hill
Peter Huntoon
Don Kelly
Lyn Knight
Chet Krause
Allen Mincho
Clifford Mishler
Judith Murphy
Dean Oakes
Chuck O?Donnell
Roy Pennell
Albert Pick
Fred Reed
Matt Rothert
Herb & Martha
Schingoethe
Hugh Shull
Glenn Smedley
Raphael Thian
Daniel Valentine
Louis Van Belkum
George Wait
D.C. Wismer
Robert Vandevender 159
Benny Bolin 160
Frank Clark 161
From Your President
Editor Sez
New Members
Uncoupled
Obsolete Corner
Joe Boling & Fred Schwan 213
Robert Gill 219
Cherry Pickers Corner Robert Calderman 222
Quartermaster Corner
Chump Change
Michael McNeil 225
Loren Gatch 228
Stacks Bowers Galleries IFC
Pierre Fricke 157
Fred Bart 183
Bob Laub 183
Lyn Knight 191
Richard Whitmire 192
FCCB 197
Higgins Museum 203
Tony Chibbaro 203
Denly's of Boston 212
Spider Press 212
ANA 218
PCDA IBC
Heritage Auctions OBC
Fred Schwan
Neil Shafer
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
158
Officers & Appointees
ELECTED OFFICERS
PRESIDENT
rvpaperman@aol.com
VICE-PRES/SEC'Y Robert Calderman
gacoins@earthlink.net
TREASURER Robert Moon
robertmoon@aol.com
BOARD OF GOVERNORS
Mark Anderson mbamba@aol.com
Robert Calderman gacoins@earthlink.net
Gary Dobbins g.dobbins@sbcglobal.net
Matt Drais stockpicker12@aol.com
Mark Drengson markd@step1software.com
Pierre Fricke
aaaaaaaaaaaapierrefricke@buyvintagemoney.com
Loren Gatch lgatch@uco.edu
William Litt
J. Fred Maples maplesf@comcast.net
Cody Regennitter cody.regennitter@gmail.com
Wendell Wolka
APPOINTEES
EDITOR Benny Bolin smcbb@sbcglobal.net
ADVERTISING MANAGER
Wendell Wolka Purduenut@aol.com
LIBRARIAN
Jeff Brueggeman jeff@actioncurrency.com
MEMBERSHIP DIRECTOR
Frank Clark
IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT
Shawn Hewitt
WISMER BOOk PROJECT COORDINATOR
Pierre Fricke
From Your President
Robert Vandevender II
2IILFHUV $SSRLQWHHV
(/(&7('2)),&(56
35(6,'(17?6KDZQ+HZLWW
VKDZQ#VKDZQKHZLWWFRP
9,&(35(6,'(17?
5REHUW9DQGHYHQGHU,,
UYSDSHUPDQ#DROFRP
6(&5(7$55REHUW&DOGHUPDQ
JDFRLQV#HDUWKOLQNQHW
75($685(5?%RE0RRQ
UREHUWPRRQ#DROFRP
%2$5'2)*29(51256
0DUN$QGHUVRQPEDPED#DROFRP
5REHUW&DOGHUPDQJDFRLQV#HDUOWKOLQNQHW
*DU\-'REELQVJGREELQV#VEFJOREDOQHW
0DWW'UDLV6WRFNSLFNHU#DROFRP
3LHUUH)ULFNH
SLHUUHIULFNH#EX\YLQWDJHPRQH\FRP
/RUHQ*DWFKOJDWFK#XFRHGX
6WHYH-HQQLQJVVMHQQLQJV#MLVSQHW
:LOOLDP/LWW?%LOOOLWW#DROFRP
-)UHG0DSOHVPDSOHVI#FRPFDVWQHW
&RG\5HJHQQLWWHU
FRG\UHJHQQLWWHU#JPDLOFRP
:HQGHOO$:RONDSXUGXHQXW#DROFRP
$332,17((6
38%/,6+(5(',725
%HQQ\%ROLQVPFEE#VEFJOREDOQHW
$'9(57,6,1*0$1$*(5
:HQGHOO$:ROND
/(*$/&2816(/
/,%5$5,$1-HII%UXHJJHPDQ
MHII#DFWLRQFXUUHQF\FRP
0(0%(56+,3',5(&725
)UDQN&ODUNIUDQNBVSPF#\DKRRFRP
,00(',$7(3$6735(6,'(173LHUUH)ULFNH
:,60(5%22.352-(&7
&225',1$7253LHUUH)ULFNH
From Your President
Shawn Hewitt
:H?UHH[FLWHGWRDQQRXQFHWKHGHWDLOVRIRXUVHFRQGDQQXDO
)ORULGD 8QLWHG 1XPLVPDWLVWV )81 6SHDNHUV )RUXP ,Q WKH IDVKLRQ RI RXU
LQDXJXUDO VHPLQDU ODVW \HDU ZH?OO DJDLQ KDYH D WRWDO RI ILYH VSHDNHUV PDNLQJ
SUHVHQWDWLRQVDQGFORVHRXW WKHIRUXPZLWKRXU630&PHPEHUVKLSPHHWLQJRQ
6DWXUGD\PRUQLQJ
7KH GDWHV RI WKH )81 FRQYHQWLRQ DUH -DQXDU\ DW WKH 2UDQJH
&RXQW\&RQYHQWLRQ&HQWHU:HVW%XLOGLQJ:$ :$LQ2UODQGR)ORULGD7KH
ILUVWIRXUWDONVDUHRQ)ULGD\-DQXDU\LQ5RRP)VDPHDVODVW\HDU
+HUHLVWKHOLQHXS?DP5REHUW&DOGHUPDQ7KH&XUUHQW
6WDWXVRIWKH866PDOO6L]H3DSHU0RQH\0DUNHW?0U&DOGHUPDQD
VSHFLDOLVWDQGGHDOHULQ86VPDOOVL]HW\SHQRWHVZLOOGLVFXVVWKHFXUUHQW
WUHQGVLQVPDOOVL]HQRWHVDQGWKHIXWXUHRIWKLVSDSHUPRQH\VSHFLDOW\
DP'XVWLQ-RKQVWRQ$%HKLQGWKH6FHQHV/RRNDWWKH3DSHU
0RQH\$XFWLRQ3URFHVV?0U -RKQVWRQ WKH 9LFH3UHVLGHQWDQG0DQDJLQJ
'LUHFWRURIWKH&XUUHQF\'LYLVLRQDW+HULWDJH$XFWLRQVZLOOGLVFXVVWKHQXWV
DQGEROWVRIFRQGXFWLQJDPDMRU3DSHU0RQH\DXFWLRQ
DP (GXFDWLRQDO 6HPLQDU $Q2YHUYLHZ RIWKH
&RQIHGHUDWH3DSHU0RQH\0DUNHWE\3LHUUH )ULFNH
0U)ULFNHKDVEHHQDORQJWLPHGHDOHULQ&RQIHGHUDWH3DSHU0RQH\DQGLVWKH
DXWKRURIWKHVWDQGDUGUHIHUHQFHRQ&RQIHGHUDWH3DSHU0RQH\ &ROOHFWLQJ
&RQIHGHUDWH3DSHU0RQH\7KH6WDQGDUG*XLGHWR&RQIHGHUDWH0RQH\
DP :HQGHOO :ROND 7KH JRRG WKH EDG DQG WKH XJO\ RI
DQWHEHOOXPEDQNQRWHIUDXG?9DULRXVW\SHVRISUH&LYLO:DUEDQNQRWHIUDXG
ZLOOEHH[SORUHGDQGLOOXVWUDWHG
,Q DGGLWLRQ DW WKH 630& 0HPEHUVKLS 0HHWLQJ RSHQ WR DOO RQ
6DWXUGD\DWDPLQ5RRP%ZHKDYH0DUN'UHQJVRQ2YHUYLHZ
RIWKH630&%DQN1RWH+LVWRU\3URMHFW7KLVSURMHFWLVIRFXVHGRQWZRRI
WKHSULPDU\KLVWRULFDODVSHFWVRIWKH+RPHWRZQ1DWLRQDO%DQN1RWHVWKH
%DQNVZKRLVVXHGWKHPDQGWKHEDQNHUVZKRVLJQHGWKHP
,WKLQNZH?UHRQWRDJRRGWKLQJLQPDNLQJ)81DQRWKHUPDMRUYHQXHIRU
WKHIDFHRI630&2XUWDEOHZLOOEHLQWKHFOXEVHFWLRQRIWKHERXUVHIORRU
VRSOHDVHVWRSE\$JDLQWKLV\HDUZHDUHSDUWLFLSDWLQJLQWKH$1$7UHDVXUH
7ULYLD3URJUDPZKLFKLVDJUHDWRXWUHDFKWRWKH\RXWKRIRXUKREE\:HKDYH
VRPHYHU\QLFHZRUOGQRWHVWRKDQGRXWWR\RXQJQXPLVPDWLVWVDVVRXYHQLUV
IRUYLVLWLQJRXUWDEOH
%HIRUH,JR,VKRXOGPHQWLRQWKDWZHKDYHDQHZ0HPEHUVKLS6HFUHWDU\
5REHUW&DOGHUPDQRQHRIRXUERDUGPHPEHUVKDVVWHSSHGXSWRILOOWKHSRVLWLRQ
UHFHQWO\YDFDWHGE\-HII%UXHJJHPDQ ,I\RX IUHTXHQW WKHPDMRUVKRZV\RX
PD\KDYHVHHQ5REHUWDWRQHRIRXUFOXEWDEOHV5REHUWLVJUHDWUHVRXUFHIRUWKH
6RFLHW\DQGZHYHU\PXFKDSSUHFLDWHWKHZRUNKHGRHVIRUXV
Paper Money * July/August 2020
6
LEGAL COUNSEL
Megan Regennitter Megan.regenniter@mwhlawgroup.com
Robert Vandevender II
Billlitt@aol.com
purduenut@aol.com
frank_clark@yahoo.com
I have some great news for everyone. At our last board meeting, we confirmed
our plans to hold the next SPMC annual meeting in conjunction with the upcoming
FUN show in January 2023. Planning is underway and we expect to have our
annual breakfast, a membership meeting, as well as exhibit grading and award
presentations. You will find more information about it in this and future issues of
Paper Money magazine.
In February, along with VP obert Calderman, Nancy Purington and I had the
opportunity to staff our SPMC Table at the Long Beach Exposition, The
Collectibles Show. We had a great time and did sign up some new members and
handed out several applications which hopefully will be submitted at a later date.
Both Robert and I were able to locate a few new treasures for our collections at this
show.
What turned out to be a somewhat humorous story was the ?case of the
counterfeit bill? inquiry. I was with a dealer at the show when a customer arrived
and showed the dealer a well worn 1934 $100 Light Green Seal FRN and asked if
it was real or a counterfeit. The dealer examined the note and although the ?paper?
had a slick feel to it after having been either pressed or living in a wallet for years,
decided it was in fact a real note. The dealer handed me the note and I examined it
using a good magnifying glass and due to the sharpness of the print also agreed
that it was a genuine note. The customer finally asked the dealer if he wanted to
buy it from him for face value, so the dealer took out five $20 bills and bought the
note. The customer then stated that it was a good profit because he had only paid
$50 for the note from someone who thought it was a counterfeit. I have purchased
postage stamps below face value before, but I have never been able to buy
currency in that manner. We all got a laugh out of that one.
I was looking through the various and often entertaining posts on Facebook the
other day and was interested to see there were several posts about the Web-fed
press $1 Federal Reserve Notes. It seems there is a renewed interest in those
experimental notes. When the 1988A Series web notes started appearing, several
of us became very interested in locating and assembling sets by issued districts,
blocks, and plate combinations. Jim Hodgson and I compiled a list of the early
printing figures of those notes that was subsequently used in the Standard Guide
To Small-Size U.S. Paper Money 1928 To Date by John Schwartz and Scott
Lindquist. Later, Bob Kvederas Jr. published a very comprehensive booklet on the
subject covering all three series of the notes. I still have an extensive web-fed note
collection. I haven?t seen one show up in circulation, or as the Facebook crowd
likes to say, ?in the wild? for many years. To my knowledge, the very first F-star
replacement web-fed note was discovered by my friend Alan Bailey while he and I
were searching through packs of singles sitting in my car in Joliet, Illinois. He
found two circulated star notes in one pack and was kind enough to give me one of
them. We took the notes with us to the Memphis show that year and made quite a
splash. At that time, nobody had ever seen one or knew of their existence.
On a closing note, I would like to thank SPMC member Peter Robin and his wife
Renate for their kind donation of several years of past Paper Money magazines. I
would also like to thank Past President Mark Anderson for arranging to pick up the
donation.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
159
Terms?and?Conditions?
The?Society? of? Paper?Money? Collectors? (SPMC)? P.O.?? Box?7055,?
Gainesville,?GA??? 30504,?publishes??? PAPER??? MONEY?(USPS?? 00?
3162)? every? other? month? beginning? in? January.? Periodical?
postage? is? paid? at? Hanover,? PA.? Postmaster? send? address?
changes? to? Secretary? Robert? Calderman,? Box? 7055,?Gainesville,?
GA? 30504.??Society? of? Paper?Money? Collectors,?Inc.? 2020.? All?
rights? reserved.? Reproduction? of? any? article? in?whole? or? part?
without?written?approval? is?prohibited.? Individual?copies?of? this?
issue?of?PAPER?MONEY?are?available? from?the?secretary? for?$8?
postpaid.?Send?changes?of?address,?inquiries?concerning??? non??? ????
delivery??? and??? requests??? for??? additional?copies?of?this?issue?to?
the?secretary.?
MANUSCRIPTS?
Manuscripts?????not?????under??????consideration??????elsewhere?and?
publications? for? review?should?be?sent? to? the?editor.?Accepted?
manuscripts? will? be? published? as? soon? as? possible,? however?
publication? in? a? specific? issue? cannot? be?guaranteed.?Opinions?
expressed? by? authors? do? not?necessarily? reflect?those? of? the?
SPMC.???Manuscripts?should?be? submitted? in?WORD? format? via?
email?(smcbb@sbcglobal.net)? or? by? sending?memory?stick/disk?
to? the? editor.? Scans? should? be? grayscale? or? color? JPEGs? at?
300?dpi.?Color? illustrations?may?be?changed?to?grayscale?at? the?
discretion? of? the? editor.? Do? not? send? items? of? value.?
Manuscripts?are? submitted?with?copyright?release?of?the?author?
to? the? editor? for? duplication? and? printing?as?needed.?
ADVERTISING?
All?advertising?on?space?available?basis.?Copy/correspondence?
should?be?sent?to?editor.?
All?advertising?is?pay?in?advance.??Ads?are?on?a??good?faith??
basis.? Terms?are??Until?Forbid.??
Ads? are? Run? of? Press? (ROP)? unless? accepted? on? a? premium?
contract?basis.?Limited?premium?space/rates?available.?
To?keep?rates?to?a?minimum,?all?advertising?must?be?prepaid?
according?to?the?schedule?below.??In?exceptional?cases?where?
special? artwork? or? additional? production? is? required,? the?
advertiser? will?be?notified? and? billed?accordingly.? Rates? are?
not?commissionable;?proofs?are?not? supplied.? SPMC? does?not?
endorse?any?company,?dealer,? or? auction? house.? Advertising?
Deadline:?Subject?to?space?availability,?copy?must?be?received?
by? the? editor? no? later? than? the? first? day? of? the? month?
preceding? the? cover?date? of? the? issue? (i.e.? Feb.? 1? for? the?
March/April? issue).?Camera?ready?art?or?electronic?ads? in?pdf?
format?are?required.?
ADVERTISING?RATES?
Editor Sez
Benny Bolin
This issue is late, but
FUN times are here again!!
First off, I want to apologize to our readers, authors and
advertisers for this issue being late. Due to circumstances beyond their
control, our printer, Sheridan was hit the first of April by a MAJOR
cyberattack that required it to shutter all of its' plants in the U.S. and
scrub and essentially rebuild almost all of their computer operations.
This has been overwhelming, but they are restoring normal operations
as quickly as possible. I know first-hand how difficult this is as our
school system was hit and it was a major pain fixing it.
But, bad new aside, in more ways than one, fun times are
approaching. Shows are back and are in full swing providing that
camaraderie we have all been missing for so long due to the
global pandemic. Also, as announced in multiple places in this
issue, the SPMC, due to the graciousness of the FUN board will
be once again starting up our annual activities that were
previously held in Memphis and Kansas City. While details are still
being ironed out, we are aiming for these to begin again in earnest at
Winter FUN, held in Orlando January 5-8, 2023. We hope to keep
things pretty much as they were before, with a BOG meeting on
Friday, then a presentation later that day. Then, on Saturday
morning we bring back our awards breakfast and dust off our Tom
Bain raffle with noted emcee Wendell Wolka. This will all be
occurring at the Orange County Convention Center in Orlando,
Florida in the same North Hall as last year. We are also investigating
with the FUN people to do our own paper money exhibit awards as in
the past, but even if this is not done, plan on placing an exhibit!
In other news, it is time for a board of governor?s election.
Yearly, four of our seats are up for election. More information on the
process is in this issue. If you are interested in serving on the board,
just follow these steps?1. Develop a biography 2. Get the support of
10 member in good standing in the society and 3. Submit these to the
secretary by the stated deadline. All current members in good standing
with the society are welcomed and encouraged to run for the board.
The other upcoming event is voting on-line for our
literary awards. This year, they will be for all articles published
during the year 2021. We give awards for articles relating to National
banknotes, small and large size, Confederate, World and
Miscellaneous topics. We also bestow awards for the best book
and column. Be thinking now and the list will be out in the
summer to vote on. Reward our authors and researchers!
Until next issue! Be safe, have fun and love those notes!
Required?file??? submission?format??? is??? composite??? PDF?v1.3?
(Acrobat?4.0???compatible).???If???possible,?submitted?files?should?
conform?to?ISO?15930?1:?2001?PDF/X?1a?file?format?standard.?
Non?? standard,? application,? or? native? file? formats? are? not?
acceptable.?Page? size:?must? conform?to?specified?publication?
trim? size.? Page? bleed:? must? extend?minimum? 1/8?? beyond?
trim?for?page?head,?foot,?and?front.? Safety?margin:? type? and?
other? non?bleed? content?must? clear? trim?by?minimum?1/2?.??
Advertising?c o p y ? shall?be?restricted?to?paper?currency,?allied?
numismatic?material,?publications,???and???related???accessories.???
The?SPMC? does? not? guarantee?advertisements,? but? accepts?
copy? in?good?faith,? reserving? the?right? to? reject?objectionable?
or? inappropriate? material? or? edit? ? ? copy.? The? ? ? ? ? SPMC??
assumes????? no????? financial?????? responsibility?for? typographical?
errors? in? ads? but? agrees? to? reprint? that?portion?of?an?ad? in?
which?a?typographical?error?occurs.?
Benny
Space?
Full?color?covers?
1?Time?
$1500?
3?Times?
$2600?
6?Times
$4900
B&W?covers? 500? 1400? 2500
Full?page?color? 500? 1500? 3000
Full?page?B&W? 360? 1000? 1800
Half?page?B&W? 180? 500? 900
Quarter?page?B&W? 90? 250? 450
Eighth?page?B&W? 45? 125? 225
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
160
Send dues directly to
Robert Moon
SPMC Treasurer
104 Chipping Ct
Refer to your mailing label for when your
dues are due.
You may also pay your dues online at
www.spmc.org.
WELCOME TO OUR
NEW MEMBERS!
BYFRANK CLARK
SPMC MEMBERSHIP DIRECTOR
NEW MEMBERS 03/05/2022
15400 David Kranz, Website
15401 Larry Dreyer, Tom Denly
15402 Wesley Thompson, Rbt Calderman
15403 Daniel McKone, Website
15404 Steve Blumberg, Robert Calderman
15405 Frederick Benson, Robert Calderman
15406 Mark Olson, Website
15407 Gary Kalian, Long Beach Show
15408 Bob Jacobs, Q. David Bowers
15409 Douglas Caudle, Robert Calderman
15410 Joe Huber, Paper Money Forum
15411 James R. Barry, Tom Denly
15412 Dennis Buckelew, Robert Calderman
15413 Petru Muraritta, Website
REINSTATEMENTS
12802 Patrick Perez, Robert Calderman
LIFE MEMBERSHIPS
None
NEW MEMBERS 04/05/2022 -
15414 David Lewis, Armand Shank
15415 Ed Archer, Frank Clark
15416 Mike Maslanka, PMG
15417 Adam Lemons, Website
15418 Thomas A. Kuss, Fred Reed
15419 Jonathan Baugher, Website
15420 Chris Venner, Frank Clark
15421 Kyle Bentley, C. Regennitter
15422 Henry Morgan, Website
15423 Dave Goldfarb, Website
REINSTATEMENTS
None
LIFE MEMBERSHIPS
None
The Society of Paper Money
Collectors was organized in 1961 and
incorporated in 1964 as a non-profit
organization under the laws of the
District of Columbia. It is
affiliated with the ANA. The
Annual Meeting of the SPMC is
held in June at the International
Paper Money Show. Information
about the SPMC, including the by-
laws and activities can be found
at our website-- www.spmc.org.
The SPMC does not endorse any
dealer, company or auction house.
MEMBERSHIP?REGULAR and
LIFE. Applicants must be at least 18
years of age and of good moral
character. Members of the ANA or
other recognized numismatic
societies are eligible for membership.
Other applicants should be sponsored
by an SPMC member or provide
suitable references.
MEMBERSHIP?JUNIOR.
Applicants for Junior membership
must be from 12 to 17 years of age
and of good moral character. A parent
or guardian must sign their
application. Junior membership
numbers will be preceded by the letter
?j? which will be removed upon
notification to the secretary that the
member has reached 18 years of age.
Junior members are not eligible to
hold office or vote.
DUES?Annual dues are $39. Dues
for members in Canada and Mexico
are $45. Dues for members in all
other countries are $60. Life
membership?payable in installments
within one year is $800 for U.S.; $900
for Canada and Mexico and $1000
for all other countries. The Society
no longer issues annual membership
cards but paid- u p members may
request one from the membership
director with an SASE.
Memberships for all members who
joined the Society prior to January
2010 are on a calendar year basis
with renewals due each December.
Memberships for those who joined
since January 2010 are on an annual
basis beginning and ending the
month joined. All renewals are due
before the expiration date, which can
be found on the label of Paper
Money. Renewals may be done via
the Society website www.spmc.org
or by check/money order sent to the
secretary.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
161
The origin and demise of the
Treasury Notes of
1890 & 1891
Figure 1. An example of a Series of 1890 Treasury note bearing a small scalloped Treasury seal, the second
seal used on the 1890 series, and the spectacular full-pallet ornate back mostly consisting of repetitive
geometric lathe work, which characterized the Series of 1890 issues. Heritage Auction archives photo.
Abstract
The Series of 1890 and 1891 Treasury notes comprise the most curious if not the most interesting
issuance of paper money by the Federal government. The notes were fathered by one of the most contentious
political issues of the last half of the 19th century, the debate over the role of silver as money. The law that
authorized the Treasury notes was the Act of July 14, 1890, known as the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. It
was named for John Sherman, influential former Secretary of the Treasury and then Ohio Republican
Senator who was serving as Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee. Ironically, Sherman was not an
author of the act. It was passed without the support of Republican President Benjamin Harrison. The act
was an ill-conceived compromise bill that led to a serious drain on Treasury?s stock of gold. Democratic
President Grover Cleveland inherited the mess along with the blossoming of the Panic of 1893 and
economic depression that ensued upon taking office in 1893 at the beginning of the second of his detached
The Paper
Column
Peter?Huntoon?
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
162
terms. He perceived the act to be a primary cause of the panic because it eroded public confidence in the
money supply so he gave utmost priority to its repeal despite opposition from his own party. He succeeded
in getting the silver purchase provision repealed in the fall of 1893. However, repeal of the reissue provision
governing the Treasury notes that were backed by the silver that had been purchased had to await passage
of the Gold Standard Act of 1900. Consequently, the Treasury notes authorized by the Sherman Silver
Purchase Act were current from 1890 to 1900.
The Pulse of the Times
In order to fully understand the Sherman Purchase Act of 1890 and the resulting issue of Treasury
notes, it is imperative to place the act into the context of its times both economically and politically.
A good starting point for our purposes is the Coinage Act of 1837 that allowed for free coinage of
silver and gold; that is, the mints would accept all the silver and gold that was brought to them and coin it
into money for a seigniorage charge. The act defined the standard content of a silver dollar as containing
0.7734 ounce of silver and established the gold/silver monetary ratio for the United States at 15.987. As a
result, the United States valued silver to gold at about 16 to 1 by weight. This undervalued silver relative
to gold in relation to the international market at the time. Although the legislation ostensibly was framed to
put the nation on a bimetallic monetary standard, gold became the dominate circulating metal going into
the Civil War.
The Civil War derailed things. The Treasury had insufficient gold to meet its obligations so
suspended payments in coin in December 1861, after the outbreak of the war. The Treasury then resorted
to the issuance of promissory notes. The first issuances of what is considered to be traditional circulating
currency by the United States Treasury consisted of $60,000,000 worth of demand notes authorized by
Congress after the start of the Civil War. They were immediately succeeded by legal tender notes that
ultimately aggregated $450,000,000 before wars end. The demand notes were redeemable in gold coin but
the legal tender notes, so-called greenbacks, were fiat money, which in fact were circulating debt
instruments backed by a promise to pay money of unspecified kind at some unspecified date.
National bank notes came into existence at the end of 1863. This class of currency was secured by
U.S. bonds denominated in legal tender dollars so the notes were redeemable in the fiat legal tender notes.
The plentiful legal tender notes and national bank notes were highly inflationary so became sharply
discounted against gold. At the low point in late 1864, $1 in greenbacks traded for 38.7 cents in gold.
The Treasury plan was to redeem the legal tender notes for gold coin after the war. Until this
occurred, the economy operated on the inflated legal tender basis. To this end, Congress passed an act on
January 14, 1875 requiring that the Treasury resume specie payments on January 1, 1879, thus forcing
parity between gold and the legal tender notes.
Two crushing money panics overrode the post-war economy, respectively in 1873 and 1893. Both
involved the collapse of railroad investment bubbles in the United States. The 1873 crash rippling from the
failure of the venerable Jay Cooke & Company on September 16, 1873, which was overextended in
financing the Northern Pacific Railway. The ensuing depression marked by numerous bank failures lasted
until 1877.
The Panic of 1893 witnessed an oversupply of silver, the collapse of high international commodity
prices, especially a crashing of the price of wheat, and collapse of another railroad bubble. The Northern
Pacific Railway; Union Pacific Railroad; and Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad went into bankruptcy.
Some 500 U.S. banks failed as did innumerable companies. Unemployment peaked at 25% in Pennsylvania,
35% in New York, and 43% in Michigan. The depression that followed lasted into 1897 and was the worst
experienced by the country prior to the Great Depression.
In general, the period between 1873 and 1893 was one of economic stagnation for farmers and
laborers characterized by rising production rates and real declines in purchasing power. The deflation was
crippling to borrowers. The resulting civil unrest manifested itself in the rise of two leftist populist
movements that as they gained adherents and political power strongly influenced the nation?s monetary
system.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
163
Figure 2. An example of a Series of 1891 Treasury note with the redesigned open-style back that allowed the
holder to see the security threads in the paper. Heritage Auction archives photo.
One was the Greenback Movement that agitated between 1874 and 1889. This movement had
agrarian roots that attempted to forge an alliance with labor. It was successful enough to field presidential
candidates under the Greenback Labor Party label in 1876, 1880 and 1884. Its ideology was anti-monopoly
but its primary economic motivation was to inflate the money supply. Proponents perceived that inflation
would support higher commodity prices, more equitably spread wealth and allow debtors to pay off their
loans with cheapened dollars. They fought the retirement of the Civil War legal tender notes and instead
favored more because the greenbacks were inflationary. They opposed the resumption of specie payments,
which they viewed as a return to a gold standard and thus deflationary. Resumption was viewed as a ploy
whereby reviled eastern bankers would maintain control over most of the gold supply, thereby allowing
them to ration out the money at exorbitant interest rates. Both deflation and the constrained money supply
worked to the Greenbacker?s disadvantage individually as well as collectively by curtailing the growth of
the largely western and southern economies where the movement was the strongest.
A Free Silver Movement gained traction in 1873 with much the same ideological leaning as the
Greenback Movement. Adherents emerged within both major political parties and some even formed
splinter parties. They saw silver rather than greenbacks as the panacea for promoting inflation. They
clamored for restoration of free coinage of silver recently lost to them in an 1873 coinage act. Primary
promoters of the Free Silver Movement were western miners seeking Federal price support for the 16:1
gold/silver ratio established by Sections 8 through 10 of the Coinage Act of January 18, 1837. Agrarian and
labor sympathizers from the Greenback Movement got on board as well as giving the movement needed
diversity.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
164
The Greenback Movement
died out before 1890 as a non-issue in
large part because the Act of July 12,
1882 permitted national bankers to
use both gold and silver certificates
for their reserves, thus diminishing the
need for legal tender notes for that
purpose. There was no shortage of
either thus removing any potential
squeeze on the expansion of national
currency owing to the then fixed
supply of legal tender notes.
In contrast, the Free Silver
Movement grained sufficient traction
that its adherents took control of the
Democratic Party. The party fielded
William Jennings Bryant, its most
articulate and passionate advocate, as
its presidential candidate in 1896,
1900 and 1908.
Generally, there was strong
sentiment on the part of the key
political players in both major parties
to move toward a gold standard
throughout the 19th century. However,
our democratic process bent
somewhat to accommodate the noisy
and temporarily significant influences
of the populist Greenback and Free
Silver movements. Their adherents
won political seats at all levels of
Figure 3. John Sherman, former Secretary of the Treasury under
President Rutherford B. Hayes and Republican Senator from Ohio
at the time the Sherman Silver Purchase Act was passed in 1890.
Ohiomemory.com photo.
government up to and including Congress giving them voice. The following are some key milestones on
the way to the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890.
A huge perturbation occurred when the Act of February 12, 1873, which reorganized the U.S. Mint,
was signed into law by Republican President Ulysses S. Grant, himself a strong gold standard advocate.
Gold and silver coins were authorized with the same metal contents as the Coinage Act of 1837, except
silver dollars were omitted from the list. Suddenly, without silver dollars, western silver miners lost the
Treasury as their primary market and the nation was thrust onto a de facto gold standard. The Free Silver
Movement was born and as the flames of passion blew into furry, the 1873 law was dubbed the Crime of
1873 because it burdened the farming and working classes with deflation. Sealing their plight was the onset
of the Panic of 1873 in September and stubborn depression that followed.
Adding fuel to the political fire, Congress passed the Act of January 14, 1875 that required the
Treasury to resume specie payment on January 1, 1879, also signed by President Grant.
Republican Rutherford Hayes took office in March 1877 and appointed John Sherman Secretary of
the Treasury, both pro-gold standard advocates. The House had a Democratic majority; the Senate split 38
Republicans, 37 Democrats and one independent.
Democratic Representative Richard P. Bland of Missouri aligned with the silver interests in his
chamber and joined with Republican Senator William B. Allison of Iowa to push through the Bland-Allison
Coinage Act on February 28, 1878, overriding Hayes? veto. The act reaffirmed the silver dollar at the 16:1
gold/silver ratio and required the Treasury to purchase between $2,000,000 and $4,000,000 dollars-worth
of silver bullion each month and to coin it into standard silver dollars as fast as it was purchased. The dollars
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
165
could be deposited in the Treasury as security for issuance of an equal value of silver certificates. This was
not a free silver act but it did provide the Silverites with a massive infusion of cheap inflationary currency.
Secretary of the Treasury Sherman continued to pursue a policy to redeem the greenbacks but the
Greenback faction in Congress took a potent stand against it. On May 31, 1878, Hayes signed a bill pushed
through Congress requiring the Secretary of the Treasury to cease redeeming legal tender notes from
circulation forthwith and to reissue those that wore out in circulation thereafter. Even Sherman supported
the bill (Hepburn, 1924, p. 233). The outstanding greenbacks stood at $346,681,016 when Hayes signed
the bill, a number that held until 1964 when some of that amount was written off as irretrievably lost. The
legal tender notes were phased out entirely by Congress through an obscure provision signed into law by
President Bill Clinton on September 23, 1994.
The Act of May 31, 1878 was an important victory for the Greenbackers. Not only had they stopped
the redemption of the greenbacks, they also protected the national bank note issues. At the time, the national
bank note currency system rested on a legal tender foundation. Elimination of legal tender notes therefore
threatened its very existence.
When resumption commenced on January 1, 1879, the Treasury had $1 in gold for every $4 of legal
tender notes and national bank notes then outstanding. Public confidence in the integrity of the Treasury
was good at the time, so runs didn?t materialize on the Treasury.
Both the Treasury and Congress wished to assure the public that by law there was gold available if
they wished to redeem their legal tender notes. Thus, three and a half years after resumption, a permanent
$100,000,000 gold reserve fund was established and earmarked for the redemption of the legal tender notes.
This mandate was incorporated into the Act of July 12, 1882, which allowed for the continuation of the
national banking system and its legal tender backed currency by allowing corporate extensions for national
banks. The gold reserve fund simultaneously strengthened the integrity of national bank notes, which were
redeemable in legal tender notes. The $100 million gold reserve certainly was impressive, but there were
$346 million in legal tender notes and $360 million in national bank notes outstanding at the time, so only
1 in 7 dollars were covered. The $100 million gold reserve will become crucially important when we get to
the Treasury notes in the 1890s.
Sherman Silver Purchase Act of July 14, 1890
Agitation persisted for free coinage of silver into Republican President Benjamin Harrison?s term
by both farmers desiring inflationary money and western silver interests laboring under overproduction of
silver, which was seriously driving down its price. Former Secretary of the Treasury John Sherman, now
Republican Senator from Ohio, served as chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and was instrumental
in ironing out the differences between the Senate and House versions of a pending silver purchase bill.
Ironically, although he was a gold standard advocate, his name was attached to the act when it was signed
into law by Republican President Benjamin Harrison on July 14, 1890. See Appendix A for Sherman?s
misgivings as the bill was wending its way through Congress.
The act repealed the purchase provisions in the Bland-Allison Act and replaced them with the much
larger mandate that the Treasury purchase up to 4,500,000 ounces of silver per month if offered at a price
not to exceed $1 per ounce. Payment for the silver was to be made with Treasury notes of denominations
of between $1 and $1000. Two million ounces of the silver was to be coined into standard silver dollars
each month until July 1, 1891, and after that date as much of the silver bullion purchased as necessary to
fully cover the outstanding Treasury notes.
The act required that the outstanding circulation of the Treasury notes was to be maintained at a
level equal to the cost of the silver bullion and silver dollars held by the Treasury that had been purchased
by them.
The Sherman Silver Purchase Act certainly wasn?t a free silver act allowing for coinage of all silver
brought to the Treasury, but it represented a significant increase over the purchases in the Bland-Allison
Act.
The act contained one serious flaw, included to demonstrate the commitment of the United States
to a bimetallic monetary standard that at the time was a 16:1 gold/silver ratio based on $20.67 per ounce
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
166
gold and $1.2929 per ounce silver.
Section 2 of the act required the
Treasury to redeem the Treasury
notes in gold or silver at the
discretion of the Secretary of the
Treasury.
The Panic of 1893 was
beginning as Democrat Grover
Cleveland assumed his second and
detached term as president on March
4, 1893. Being the most fiscally
conservative Democrat ever to hold
the office, he was a staunch supporter
of the gold standard. He had two
economic priorities upon taking
office: dismantle the McKinley Tariff
Act of 1890 and repeal the Sherman
Free Silver Act of 1890. The
McKinley Tariff Act had raised
import duties from 38 to 49.5 percent
on average, which curtailed trade.
Cleveland blamed both acts
as primary causes for the panic that
was rolling over the country. The
gold/silver ratio on the international
market was hovering at 20:1 He
became particularly alarmed at the
rate that gold was being drained from
the Treasury, primarily for export.
Repeal of the Sherman act became
his priority because he felt it was
destabilizing public confidence in the
nation?s money.
On August 8, 1893, he called
on Congress to hold a special session
Figure 4. President Grover Cleveland, the most conservative
Democratic President in history, called a special session of Congress
in 1893 to terminate the silver purchase provisions in the Sherman
Silver Purchase Act of 1890. Wikipedia photo.
to repeal the Silver Purchase Act. The following is a direct quote from his address (Richarson, 1908, v. 9,
p, 401-405). You are going to find that Cleveland was not a man known for reeling off pithy concise quotes.
Undoubtedly the monthly purchases by the Government of 4,500,000 ounces of silver, enforced under
that statute, were regarded by those interested in silver production as a certain guaranty of its increase in
price. The result, however, has been entirely different, for immediately following a spasmodic and slight rise
the price of silver began to fall after the passage of the act, and has since reached the lowest point ever known.
This disappointing result has led to renewed and persistent effort in the direction of free silver coinage.
Meanwhile not only are the evil effects of the operation of the present law constantly accumulating, but
the result to which its execution must inevitably lead is becoming palpable to all who give the least heed to
financial subjects.
This law provides that in payment for the 4,500,000 ounces of silver bullion which the Secretary of the
Treasury is commanded to purchase monthly there shall be issued Treasury notes redeemable on demand in
gold or silver coin, at the discretion of the Secretary of the Treasury, and that said notes may be reissued. It
is, however, declared in the act to be ?the established policy of the United States to maintain the two metals
on a parity with each other upon the present legal ratio or such ratio as may be provided by law.? This
declaration so controls the action of the Secretary of the Treasury as to prevent his exercising the discretion
nominally vested in him if by such action the parity between gold and silver may be disturbed. Manifestly a
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
167
refusal by the Secretary to pay these Treasury notes in gold if demanded would necessarily result in their
discredit and depreciation as obligations payable only in silver, and would destroy the parity between the two
metals by establishing a discrimination in favor of gold.
Up to the 15th day of July, 1893, these notes had been issued in payment of silver-bullion purchases to
the amount of more than $147,000,000. While all but a very small quantity of this bullion remains uncoined
and without usefulness in the Treasury, many of the notes given in its purchase have been paid in gold. This
is illustrated by the statement that between the 1st day of May, 1892, and the 15th day of July, 1893, the notes
of this kind issued in payment for silver bullion amounted to a little more than $54,000,000 and that during
the same period about $49,000,000 were paid by the Treasury in gold for the redemption of such notes.
The policy necessarily adopted of paying these notes in gold has not spared the gold reserve of
$100,000,000 long ago set aside by the Government for the redemption of other notes, for this fund has
already been subjected to the payment of new obligations amounting to about $150,000,000 on account of
silver purchases, and has as a consequence for the first time since its creation been encroached upon.
We have thus made the depletion of our gold easy and have tempted other and more appreciative nations
to add it to their stock. That the opportunity we have offered has not been neglected is shown by the large
amounts of gold which have been recently drawn from our Treasury and exported to increase the financial
strength of foreign nations. The excess of exports of gold over its imports for the year ending June 30, 1893,
amounted to more than $87,500,000.
Between the 1st day of July, 1890, and the 15th day of July, 1893, the gold coin and bullion in our Treasury
decreased more than $132,000,000, while during the same period the silver coin and bullion in the Treasury
increased more than $147,000,000. Unless Government bonds are to be constantly issued and sold to
replenish our exhausted gold, only to be again exhausted, it is apparent that the operation of the silver-
purchase law now in force leads in the direction of the entire substitution of silver for the gold in the
Government Treasury, and that this must be followed by the payment of all Government obligations in
depreciated silver.
At this stage gold and silver must part company and the Government must fail in its established policy
to maintain the two metals on a parity with each other. Given over to the exclusive use of a currency greatly
depreciated according to the standard of the commercial world, we could no longer claim a place among
nations of the first class, nor could our Government claim a performance of its obligation, so far as such an
obligation has been imposed upon it, to provide for the use of the people the best and safest money.
Notice the dilemma the Treasury faced. Speculators were engaged in a merry-go-round of buying
silver on the metals market where the price of silver was steadily decreasing, selling it to the Treasury, receiving
Treasury notes, redeeming the notes for gold coin, selling the gold coin for ever increasing quantities of silver
in the market, pocketing the difference and repeating the cycle. Most of the gold was exported whereas net silver
imports increased during 1890 through 1893 (Carlisle, 1894).
In due course, the Treasury had to dip into the $100,000,000 gold reserve fund established by the Act
of July 12, 1882 to feed this frenzy. The Treasury had to sell gold bonds, mostly overseas, to restock the
fund, only to repeat that cycle as well. This simply added to the national debt, which was payable in gold.
The situation was unsustainable.
Cleveland?s special session of Congress was convened and the purchase requirements in the
Sherman Silver Purchase Act were repealed November 1, 1893 by a vote of 239 to 108 in the House and
48-37 in the Senate. Silver purchases ceased forthwith. The silver bullion that had not been coined went
into storage alongside the bulky silver dollars the public didn?t want to carry around.
Throughout all of this, silver certificates issued against silver dollars held in the Treasury made
from silver that has been purchased under the terms of the Bland-Allison Act of 1873 continued to circulate
and be replaced when worn out.
Aftermath
The Treasury held a large stock of bullion from the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. On June 13, 1898
Congress passed the War Revenue Act of 1898 to raise money for the Spanish-American War. Section 34
of that act required that at least $500,000 worth of silver dollars be coined each month from the remaining
silver bullion purchased under the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. Those unwanted silver dollars also went
into storage and Series of 1899 silver certificates were issued against them, thus providing the Treasury
with additional money to help execute the war.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
168
The Sherman Silver Purchase Act providing for the Treasury notes required that when redeemed
for coin they had to be reissued in order that their outstanding circulation equaled the cost of the silver
bullion and silver dollars held by the Treasury that they had purchased. The Act of 1893 that repealed the
purchase requirement in the 1890 act failed to repeal the reissue provision. The result was that the Treasury
had to continue reissuing the notes and dealing with erosion of the Treasury?s gold stocks as people
redeemed the notes for gold. This cycle was broken with passage of the Gold Standard Act of March 14,
1900.
Section 2 of Gold Standard Act affirmed that Treasury notes would be redeemed for gold coin when
demanded thus maintaining the integrity of the Treasury?s commitment for such redemption as per the 1890
act, but once redeemed they were to be retired. Section 5 required that the redeemed Treasury notes be
replaced dollar for dollar in circulation with silver certificates backed by silver dollars coined under the
1890 act. Gold standard supporters in Congress had to tread lightly as they moved the Gold Standard Act
though Congress because the Silverites who favored an inflated currency supply remained a potent
constituency in both political parties in 1900. Section 5 was designed to placate them by preventing a
contraction of the money supply as Treasury notes were redeemed. That money would be maintained in
circulation indefinitely because silver certificates issued in their stead were reissued upon redemption.
Treasury notes continued to be redeemed on demand for gold coin until gold was demonetized by
the New Deal Treasury. However, some holders requested silver dollars owing to periodic shortages in the
availability of small denomination notes.
The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of July 14, 1890 served the Silverite?s agenda because it was
inflationary and it did augment the supply of currency in circulation. To do so was carried out at a significant
Figure 5. Attractive example of a Series of 1890 Treasury note carrying a large spiked seal that was used at
the beginning of the series. Smithsonian Institution photo.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
169
Figure 6. Series of 1891 Treasury note with a radar serial number. The portraits on the Treasury notes were
a parade of Civil War Union generals and government officials.
cost to the Treasury and ultimately the public.
Milton Friedman (1994), Nobel Prize winning monetary economist, attributed the defeat of Free
Silver presidential candidate William Jennings Bryant?s three campaigns to invention in 1887 of the cyanide
leaching process for extracting gold from low-grade ore and old mine and mill tailings. The result was a
huge increase in gold production, especially from South Africa, that flooded the world?s markets. The
attending inflation-induced economic prosperity helped to spread wealth to Bryant?s political constituency
without requiring his intervention. Inflation of the gold supply coopted his silver message!
Ultimately the nation did get free silver from Franklin D. Roosevelt?s New Deal Treasury (Huntoon
and Yakes, 2012).
Table 1 lists the principal legislation governing the issuance of silver backed U.S. currency.
Quirks Associated with Redemptions
Secretary of the Treasury John G. Carlisle explained in detail how the Treasury had to deal with
redemptions after the purchase requirements in the Sherman Silver Purchase Act were suspended by the
1893 act yet the reissue provision applying to the Treasury notes remained operative (NYT, Sep 18, 1894).
* * * while the law provides that redeemed Treasury notes may be reissued, it also in that same
section imposes an express limitation upon the power to reissue by declaring that ?no greater or less amount
of such notes shall be outstanding at any time than the cost of the silver bullion and the standard silver
dollars coined therefrom then held in the Treasury purchased by such notes.? When such notes are
redeemed in gold, there is no obstacle in the way of their reissues, because redemption does not affect the
stock of silver held in the Treasury under the act of July 14, 1890. When they are redeemed by silver coined
from the bullion purchased under that act, they must be retired and canceled, for otherwise there would be,
after the redemption and reissue, a greater amount of notes outstanding than the cost of the silver originally
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
170
purchased and then held in the Treasury,
and this is expressly prohibited?by the
statute. The purpose of Congress was to
prevent the duplication of currency,
which would be the case if the notes and
the silver purchased with the notes could
be outstanding at the same time.
Treasury notes received in the
ordinary course of business, or redeemed
in gold or exchanged for silver dollars
not coined from the bullion purchased
under the act of July 14 1890, are not
retired and canceled. All such notes are
reissued.
Figure 7. I?d take this deuce over any two of the silver dollars
minted to back it any day of the week! Heritage Auction
archives photo.
* * * No Treasury note has been redeemed in silver unless silver was demanded, the policy and
practice of the department having always been to redeem in the kind of money demanded by the holder of
a note. The presentation of Treasury notes for redemption in silver [dollars] began in August, 1873, when
there was a great scarcity of currency of small denominations, and there was redeemed during that month
$1,273,267, which was the largest amount that has been presented during any one month.
The redemption of Treasury notes for silver dollars is treated in more detail in a subsequent article
that also provides the total value of Treasury notes that were issued against the purchase of silver bullion
(NYT, Oct 7, 1895).
The redemption of the Sherman legal-tender notes in standard silver dollars has been quite a feature
of the demand for money of small denominations in the South and West, and has been running recently at
the rate of nearly $500,000 a week. This rate of redemption is hardly likely to continue after the demand
for money to pay for picking the colon crop is over, but the fact that silver dollars can be obtained for
Sherman notes is coming to be understood and acted upon more than in the past.
* * *
The policy of retiring the notes when redeemed was inaugurated by Secretary Carlisle in the Autumn
of 1893.
* * *
The outstanding Sherman notes have been reduced by the amount of the redemptions in silver, and
the original volume of $155,931,002 issued in payment for bullion now stands at $143,426,280.
Series Change
The change from the Series of 1890 to 1891 backs was brought about by adoption of a new type of
security paper supplied to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing from the Crane Paper Company. The new
paper had two prominent vertical bands of red and blue fibers. In contrast the paper in use between 1880
and 1891 had two horizontal threads plus small red and blue fibers distributed throughout the paper. The
open areas on the left and right sides of the new backs provided windows to allow users to view the vertical
bands. The same innovation explains the redesigned backs found on Series of 1891 silver certificates.
Conclusion ? Reconning on June 30, 1915
An invaluable summary through June 30, 1915, of the grand statistics growing out of the Sherman
Silver Purchase Act of July 14, 1890 and the Treasury note issues authorized in it appeared in McAdoo
(1915, p. 43). That summary is reproduced here.
The authority for the purchase of silver bullion under [the Act of July 14, 1890] was repealed by the
act of November 1, 1893, up to which date the Government had purchased 168,674,682.53 fine ounces, at
a cost of $155,931,002, for which Treasury notes were issued. The amount of Treasury notes redeemed in
gold up to the close of the fiscal year 1915 was $110,712,364 and the amount redeemed in standard silver
dollars was $84,556,867. Treasury notes redeemed in standard silver dollars are canceled and retired in
accordance with the requirements of the act of 1890. Sections 5 and 8 of the [Gold Standard Act] of March
14, 1900, also provide for the cancellation and retirement of Treasury notes to an amount equal to the
coinage of standard silver dollars and subsidiary silver from the bullion purchased with such notes. The
cancellation of notes on account of coinage since March 14, 1900, was $69,120,135, so that there remained
outstanding June 30, 1915 but $2,254,000.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
171
The big story associated with the Sherman Silver Purchase Act was its drain on Treasury gold and
its adverse impact on the national debt (McAdoo, 1915, p. 12-13). This can be viewed through the lens of
the Gold Reserve Fund. A bit of history will set the stage.
The resumption of specie payments act approved January 14, 1875 directed the Secretary of the
Treasury to provide for the redemption of United States notes in coin beginning January 1, 1879, and if
necessary to sell bonds in order to purchase gold to redeem those notes from what became the Gold Reserve
Fund. The bank act of July 12, 1882 established $100 million as the minimum size of the Gold Reserve
Fund, below which it had to be replenished.
Over the decades, Congress provided sources of income to support the Gold Reserve Fund. The
rate of redemption of United States notes prior to 1893 was not sufficient to reduce the Gold Reserve Fund
below $100 million. However, the cyclic redemptions of Treasury notes of 1890 and 1891 for gold seriously
chewed into the fund. By April 1893, the minimum was reached and the drain became serious enough that
in February 1894 an issue consisting of $50 million worth of 10-year 5 percent bonds was necessary to
restore it. This was followed in November by another $50 million in like bonds. These two sales were called
the Loan of 1904, which was the maturation date for the bonds.
The hemorrhage of gold intensified, so in February 1895 the government purchased 3,500,000
ounces of gold coin, paying for it with 4 percent 30-year bonds amounting to $62,315,400. This was
followed by another sale of $100 million more of the 4 percent 30-year bonds in January 1896. These
comprised the Loan of 1925.
By the time the Loan of 1904 matured, $72 million worth of the bonds already had been rolled over
into 2 percent Consols of 1930 and $8.5 million had been redeemed with funds in the Treasury. The
remaining Loan of 1904 bonds were redeemed in 1904 using funds in the Treasury.
Of the $162 million in the Loan of 1925, $44 million had been redeemed by the Treasury by 1915
leaving $118 million outstanding and payable after February 1, 1925.
Thus in 1915, $72 million in public debt was kicked down to 1930 in the form of the Consols of
1930, and $118 million was kicked down to 1925 in the form of the Loan of 1925. Virtually all of this
represented gold that had been depleted through the operation of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.
If you are looking for a bright side to this debt, the bonds comprising the Loan of 1925 and the
Consols of 1930 were largely purchased by national bankers and used to secure their national bank note
issues. You also may well ask, how much of the Loan of 1925 and Consols of 1930 were rolled into bonds
with future maturities, ad infinitum. And, we haven?t even considered the interest that was accruing on all
this debt as time passed.
Sources
Carlisle, John G., 1894, Gold and silver in the Treasury of the United States, and circulation of silver & silver certificates (chart
with month-end totals including insets for imports and exports of gold and silver, June 1878 through May 1894); in, Annual
Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the state of the finances: Government Printing Office, 992 p.
Friedman, Milton, 1994, Money mischief, episodes in monetary history: Harcourt Brace & Company, 286 p.
Hepburn, A. Barton, 1924, A history of currency in the United States: MacMillian Co., New York, 575 p.
Huntoon, Peter, and Jamie Yakes, Jan-Feb 2012, New Deal changes to the legal tender status of currency: Paper Money, v. 51, p.
7-20,
Knox, John J., 1884, United States Notes: Charles Scribner?s Sons, New York, 247 p.
Richardson, James W., 1908, A compilation of the messages and papers of the Presidents 1789-1897, vol. IX: Government Printing
Office, Washington, DC, 853 p.
McAdoo, W. G., Secretary of the Treasury, 1915, Information respecting United States bonds, paper currency and coin, production
of precious metals, etc.: U.S. Treasury, Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 106 p.
New York Times, May 17, 1890, Sherman?s silver plan, the Senator tells what he likes and dislikes in the pending bill: page 2.
New York Times, Sep 18, 1894, Getting rid of the silver, operations of the Administration under the Sherman Act: p. 1.
New York Times, Oct 7, 1895, Redemption of Sherman notes: p. 11.
United States Statutes, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Wikipedia, various web pages.
https://www.longtermtrends.net/gold-silver-ratio/
https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p267401coll32/id/8928
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
172
Table?1.?Key?legislative?provisions?in?Congressional?Acts?pertaining?to?the?issuance?
of?notes?backed?by?the?purchase?of?silver?bullion?by?the?U.S.?Treasury.?
Act?of?February?28,?1878?(Bland?Allison?Act):?
Sec.?1:?Treasury?to?purchase?not?less?than?$2,000,000?or?more?than?$4,000,000?worth?of?silver?bullion?
per?month.?
Sec.?1:?Silver?so?purchased? is? to?be?minted? into?silver?dollars?containing?412.5?grains? troy?of?silver?
upon?purchase.?
Sec.?1:?The?silver?dollars?shall?be?legal?tender.?
Sec.? 3:?Silver? certificates?of? denominations?$10? and?higher? corresponding? to? those?used? for? legal?
tender?notes?can?be?issued?against?a?like?amount?of?the?silver?dollars?held?by?the?Treasury?for?their?
redemption.?
Sec.?3:? The? silver? certificates? can?be?used? to? pay? customs? taxes? and?all? public?dues,? and?when? so?
received?may?be?reissued.?
Yielded:?
Series?of?1878?$10,?$20,?$50,?$100,?$500,?$1000?silver?certificates?
Series?of?1880?$10,?$20,?$50,?$100,?$500,?$1000?silver?certificates?
Series?of?1886?$10,?$20?silver?certificates?
Series?of?1891?$10,?$20,?$50,?$100,?$1000?silver?certificates?
Series?of?1908?$10?silver?certificates?
Figure 9.
Heritage
Auction
archives
photo.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
173
Act?of?July?12,?1882:?
Sec.?12:?Gold?certificates?and?silver?certificates?authorized?to?be?used?as?part?of?the?lawful?reserve?of?
national?banks.?
Sec.? 12:? U.S.? Treasury? required? to? hold? a? $100,000,000? gold? reserve? for? the? redemption? of? legal?
tender?notes?
Act?of?August?4,?1886:?
Sec.? 1:? Silver? certificates? of? denominations? $1,? $2? and? $5? were? added? to? the? permissible?
denominations?that?could?be?issued?in?Sec.?3?of?the?Act?of?February?28,?1878.?
Yielded:?
Series?of?1886?$1,?$2,?$5?silver?certificates?
Series?of?1891?$1,?$2,?$5?silver?certificates?
Series?of?1896?$1,?$2,?$5?silver?certificates?
Series?of?1899?$1,?$2,?$5?silver?certificates?
Series?of?1923?$1,?$5?silver?certificates?
Series?of?1928?$1?silver?certificates?
Act?of?July?14,?1890?(Sherman?Silver?Purchase?Act):?
Sec.?1:?Treasury?to?purchase?up?to?4,500,000?ounces?containing?371.25?grains?pure?silver?per?month?
if?offered?at?a?price?not?to?exceed?$1?per?ounce.?
Sec.?1:?Payment?for?the?silver?to?be?made?with?Treasury?notes?of?denominations?of?between?$1?and?
$1000.?
Sec.?2:?The?Treasury?notes?were?redeemable?in?coin?and?when?so?redeemed?could?be?reissued?as?long?
as?the?value?of?the?outstanding?notes?equaled?the?cost?of?the?silver?bullion?and?silver?dollars?coined?
therefore?held?by?the?Treasury?that?was?purchased?by?them.?
Sec.?2:?Treasury?notes?were?accorded?legal?tender?status?and?could?be?held?by?national?banks?as?part?
of?their?lawful?reserve.?
Sec.? 2:? The? Treasury? shall? redeem? Treasury? notes? in? gold? or? silver? coin? at? the? discretion? of? the?
Secretary?of?the?Treasury.?
Sec.?3:?Two?million?ounces?must?be?coined?into?standard?silver?dollars?each?month?until?July?1,?1891,?
and?after?that?date?as?much?of?the?silver?bullion?purchased?as?necessary?to?redeem?the?Treasury?
notes.?
Sec.?5:?The?silver?purchase?requirements?in?the?Act?of?February?28,?1878?were?repealed.?
Sec.?7:?The?terms?of?this?act?are?to?take?effect?30?days?from?its?passage.?
Yielded:?
Series?of?1890?$1,?$2,?$5,?$10,?$20,?$50,?$100,?$1000?Treasury?notes?
Series?of?1891?$1,?$2,?$5,?$10,?$20,?$50,?$100,?$1000?Treasury?notes?
Act?of?November?1,?1893:?
Sec.?1:?The?silver?purchase?requirements?in?the?Act?of?July?14,?1890?were?repealed.?
Act?of?June?13,?1898?(War?Revenue?Act?of?1898):?
Sec.? 34:? Required? that? at? least? $500,000? worth? of? silver? dollars? be? coined? each?month? from? the?
remaining?silver?bullion?purchased?under?the?Act?of?July?14,?1890.?
Yielded:?
additional?Series?of?1899?$1,?$2,?$5?silver?certificates?
Act?of?March?14,?1900?(Gold?Standard?Act):?
Sec.?2:?Treasury?notes?issued?under?the?Act?of?1890?are?to?be?redeemed?for?gold?coin?and?canceled.?
Sec.?2:?Increased?the?gold?reserve?to?$150,000,000?to?include?redemption?of?Treasury?notes?
Sec.?5:?Silver?certificates?equal?to?the?value?of?Treasury?notes?canceled?shall?be?issued.?
Sec.?6:?Only?10?percent?of?outstanding?silver?certificates?can?be?$20,?$50?and?$100?notes.?
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
174
Yielded:?
Significant?increase?of?Series?of?1891?$10?silver?certificates?
Major?production?of?Series?of?1899?$1,?$2,?$5?silver?certificates?
Series?of?1908?$10?silver?certificates?
Act?of?April?22,?1918?(Pittman?Act):?
Sec.?1:?Treasury?authorized?to?melt?and?sell?as?bullion?up?to?350,000,000?silver?dollars?at?$1?per?ounce.?
Sec.?1:?An?amount?of?the?outstanding?silver?certificates?secured?by?the?melted?silver?dollars?are?to?
be?redeemed.?
Sec.?2:?The?Treasury?shall?immediately?purchase?an?amount?of?domestically?produced?silver?at?$1?per?
ounce?equal?to?that?that?represented?by?the?silver?dollars?melted?and?sold?as?well?as?resold?for?the?
purposes?specified?in?Section?3.?
Sec.?2:?New?silver?dollars?equal?in?number?to?those?melted?shall?be?coined?and?silver?certificates?of?
equal?value?issued?against?them.?
Sec.?3:?Sales?of?silver?bullion?may?be?made?for:?
Conserving?the?existing?stock?of?gold?in?the?United?States,?
Settlement?in?silver?of?trade?balances?adverse?to?the?United?States,?
Silver?for?subsidiary?coinage?and?commercial?use,?
Assisting?foreign?governments?at?war?with?the?enemies?of?the?United?States.?
Sec.?5:?In?order?to?prevent?a?contraction?of?the?currency,?the?Secretary?of?the?Treasury?can?request?
that?the?Federal?Research?Board?issue?Federal?reserve?bank?notes,?including?$1?and?$2?notes,?not?
exceeding?the?amount?of?silver?dollars?melted?and?sold?as?bullion.?
Sec.?6:?Federal?reserve?bank?notes?issued?in?accord?with?Section?5?shall?be?retired?when?new?silver?
dollars?are?coined?from?the?silver?authorized?to?be?purchased?under?the?terms?of?this?Act.?
Yielded:?
Series?of?1918?$1,?$2,?$5,?$10,?$20,?$50?Federal?reserve?bank?notes?
Act?of?May?12,?1933?(Title?III?of?the?Agricultural?Adjustment?Act):?
Sec.?43:?Accorded?legal?tender?status?to?silver?certificates?as?follows:??Such?notes?and?all?other?coins?
and?currencies?heretofore?or?hereafter?coined?or?issued?by?or?under?the?authority?of?the?United?
States?shall?be?legal?tender?for?all?debts?public?and?private.?
Sec.?45?(Thomas?Amendment):?Within?six?months?of?passage?of?this?act,?The?President?was?authorized?
to? accept? silver?at?50?cents?per?ounce? in?payment?of?debts?owed?the?United?States?by? foreign?
governments?up?to?a?total?of?$200,000,000.?Silver?certificates?were?to?be?issued?against?the?silver?
received?and?the?silver?was?coined?into?silver?dollars?or?subsidiary?silver?coins?sufficient?to?redeem?
the?notes.?
Yielded:?
Series?of?1933?$10?silver?certificates?
Act?of?June?19,?1934?(Silver?Purchase?Act?of?1934):?
Sec.?3:?Whenever? the?proportion?of? silver? in? the?monetary?stocks?of?gold?and?silver?of? the?United?
States?is?less?than?one?quarter?of?the?monetary?value?of?such?stocks,?the?Treasury?shall?purchase?
silver?at?home?or?abroad?at?a?price?not?in?excess?of?its?monetary?value?and?no?purchases?of?silver?
in?the?continental?United?States?on?May?1,?1934?shall?be?made?at?a?price?in?excess?of?50?cents?per?
fine?ounce.?
Sec.?4:?The?silver?purchased?may?be?sold?at?home?or?abroad?if?the?market?price?of?silver?exceeds?its?
monetary?value.?
Sec.?5:?Silver?certificates?are?to?be?issued?and?placed?in?circulation?in?a?face?amount?not?less?than?the?
cost?of?all?silver?purchased?under?the?Section?3?to?be?backed?by?an?amount?of?bullion?and?silver?
dollars?of?equivalent?monetary?value?held?by?the?Treasury.?
Sec.?5:?Silver?certificates?are?to?be?redeemed?for?silver?dollars.?
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
175
Yielded:?
Series?of?1934?$1,?$5,?$10?silver?certificates?
Series?of?1935?$1?silver?certificates?
Series?of?1953?$5,?$10?silver?certificates?
Series?of?1957?$1?silver?certificates?
The? terms?built? into? acts? passed? June?19,?1934.? July?7,?1939,? July?12,?1943?and? July?31,?1946?adjusted?
details?on?the?Treasury?s?purchase?of?silver?and?dictated?the?threshold?price?at?which?the?Treasury?would?
sell?silver.?Those?thresholds?were?50,?71.11,?71.11?and?90.5?cents?per?ounce?respectively.?Prior?to?the?late?
1950s,?production?of? silver? usually? exceeded?commercial? demand,? so? the?Treasury? became? the? largest?
purchaser,?holder?and?market?maker?for?silver.?
Act?of?June?4,?1963:?
Sec.? 1:? Repealed?all?purchase?provisions? in? the? various? ?silver? purchase? acts.? 3:? Whenever? the?
proportion?of?silver?in?the?monetary?stocks?of?gold?and?silver?of?the?United?States?is?less?than?one??
quarter?of?the?monetary?value?of?such?stocks,?the?Treasury?shall?purchase?silver?at?home?or?abroad?
at?a?price?not?in?excess?of?its?monetary?value?and?no?purchases?of?silver?in?the?continental?United?
States?on?May?1,?1934?shall?be?made?at?a?price?in?excess?of?50?cents?per?fine?ounce.?
Act?of?June?24,?1967:?
Sec.?2:?Holders?of?silver?certificates?given?until?June?24,?1968?to?exchange?silver?certificates?for?silver?
bullion.?
Figure 8. Gold/silver price ratio. The Sherman Silver Purchase Act was passed July 14, 1890. The silver
purchase requirement in the Sherman Silver Purchase Act was repealed November 1, 1893. From
www.longtermtrends.net/gold-silver-ratio.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
176
Appendix A
John Sherman?s Misgivings about the proposed Silver Purchase Act of
1890 (NYT, May 7, 1890)
?I do not like some of the features of the bill. I may be driven to support it. * * * If we can
agree upon some measure that will furnished to the people of the United States more money, for I think
we want it, and will also tend to advance silver bullion nearer and nearer and up to the standard of gold, I
am willing to vote for such a measure. But I do not want to embark upon the wide sea of free coinage of
silver, and I do not want Congress to pledge itself to buy all of that silver which may be offered?
silver melted from the pots of India, China, and all the world. I do not want to vote for any such bill. Let
those who would take the risk of such a speculation take it, not I. But anything whatever that can be
done by this bill or by any other bill to give us more good paper money, based on actual deposits of gold
and silver bullion or that will raise the value of silver, I will favor.
I would buy every ounce of silver produced in the country, keep it in the Treasury vaults, and issue
certificates upon it, based on its market value, to any extent that may be desired. And I would make them
a legal tender, so that they would travel all over the world, be as good as gold, and be on a parity with
gold. But this other measure, which has been debated at such voluminous length and with such fulsome
eulogy, which invites us into competition with all the world in the free coinage of silver, ?I do not want
any of it in mine.? To use a slang phrase.?
[The Act of July 14, 1890 did not limit the purchase of silver bullion to U.S. production. It gave legal tender status to
Treasury notes and placed them on parity with gold.]
SPMC Board of Governor?s Election
It is time to vote for four expiring seats on the board of governors.
All governors are elected on an at-large basis for a three-year term.
The governors seats whose seats will be up for election are:
Gary Dobbins Matt Draiss
Robert Vandevender Mark Drengson
Interested parties must be members in good standing in the SPMC and must complete a short
biographical sketch suitable to be published in the next issue of the journal as well as submission of
written endorsements from 10 members in good standing. These should all be sent to the secretary by
June 10, 2022.
If enough nominations are sent in to constitute an election, voting will be carried out via the website
or by mail from July 1 to July 31, 2022.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
177
SPMC Festivities are Back!
Join the SPMC as we resume our normal activities at
Winter FUN 2023
Our tentative schedule is as follows
Friday, Jan. 6th
Paper Money Seminars
General Membership meeting
Times TBA
Saturday Jan. 7th
8a?Breakfast and 2021 Awards.
Price of entry includes a newly
designed & collectible breakfast ticket
9a-10a?Tom Bain Raffle featuring our
jovial and always entertaining
Master of Ceremonies?
Wendell Wolka
Big prizes, surprises, mystery boxes and
we will ?Mix ?em Up!?
Dates, times, and activities subject to change but
make plans NOW to attend
Please note that all dates, times, and activities are tentative.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
178
Merchant, Postmaster and Planter: Like Father, Like Son
(The Story of Daniel Perry Gunnels of Oxford, Alabama)
by Bill Gunther
The majority of settlers in Alabama during the early 1800s were small farmers, a fact often dictated by their
educational backgrounds and their financial situations. Many came to Alabama hoping to at least improve on their
economic situation through the promise of highly productive land. They came from everywhere and by 1850, 70
percent of the state?s population was born some place other than Alabama. Georgia held the top position among all
locations but even they only accounted for 7.8 percent of the total population.1 It is therefore a little unusual to find
an individual who migrated to Alabama from Georgia AND was a merchant, not a famer. Just such a person was
Daniel Perry Gunnels who made the journey in 1845 at the age 22 and ultimately settled in Oxford, Alabama. We
were first introduced to Daniel through his scrip which was issued in 1862 from Oxford (see Figure 1).
Figure 1. AO-390-$.10a2. Scrip signed D(aniel)
P(erry) Gunnels, Oxford, Alabama, September, 1862.
10 cents.
The Note
This note was issued when Daniel Gunnels was the postmaster of Oxford. It is a plain design with no vignette
and only a minor design in both the left and right margins. It states it will pay the bearer 10 cents ?in Confederate
Currency when the amount of five dollars or its multiple is presented.? This where the note gets more complicated.
The left vertical margin states ?Received for postage in Oxford,? a statement that strongly suggests that this note is a
receipt for payment of 10 cents for postage. However, that interpretation is at odds with the promise on the face of
the note to pay the bearer 10 cents in Confederate Currency. A strict interpretation of this wording means a person
who paid the postmaster 10 cents could then redeem this ?receipt? and collect 10 cents. Why such confused
wording? An examination of a note from Bladon Springs, Alabama (Figure 2), also issued by a postmaster may help
clear this up.
Figure 2. AO-117-$.10b2.
Bladon Springs, Alabama. 10 cents.
May 1, 1862
The Bladon Springs note contains the vignette of a small train with one passenger car headed to the left. The
right margin contains ?TEN CENTS?. The left margin, however, contains the wording ?Receivable for Postage and
Postage Stamps. D. Partridge, P.M.? The word ?receivable? means that it can be spent at the post office of Daniel
Partridge or it can be redeemed for Confederate funds by the bearer. There is no conflicting wording on the Bladon
Springs note. It therefore appears that either the printer or Gunnels himself made the mistake of using the word
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
179
?received? rather than the word ?receivable? on the Oxford note. Since this is the only Gunnels note to come to
public auction, it is not known if the error was discovered and corrected or just left the way it was originally printed.
Oxford, Alabama
The area that would become Oxford was first occupied by members of the Creek Indian tribe.3 When settlers
first began to arrive in the area in the 1830s, they named the settlement ?Lick Skillet?, an implied reference to the
fact that the residents were so poor that they had to lick their skillets clean to obtain the last morsel of food.4 Later
in the 1840s, residents thought better of their name and renamed the town Oxford after the British town. When it
was first incorporated in 1852, the town was located in Benton County (1832), named for Thomas Hart Benton,
Senator from Missouri. Benton was a planter and slave owner and at that time he was a good friend and ally of John
C. Calhoun, Senator from South Carolina. At first, the two shared a common position with regard to slavery and
secession, but gradually Benton became disenchanted with slavery and considered it and secession ill-advised. That
placed Benton at odds with the residents of Benton County and they voted to rename the county Calhoun County on
January 29, 1860. On February 21, 1860 the county was renamed in honor of John C. Calhoun.5
The Gunnels Family
The Gunnels family trace their origin back more than five generations to Virginia in the 1600s.6 Nicholas
Gunnels (1697-1796), Daniel Perry?s great-great grandfather, was a ?minuteman? from Georgia and was recognized
for his service with a land bounty of some 287 acres in Georgia. The minutemen were first organized in the mid-
1600s and were members of state militias who were selected because of their training, age and strength, and were
ready to deploy at a ?minutes?? notice.7 Daniel?s great-grandfather, (also named Daniel), was from North Carolina
and a soldier in the ?Continental Line? during the Revolutionary War.8 Each Colony was required to contribute a
number of soldiers to the Continental Army, and that number was the state?s ?line?. The Continental Line was the
sum of the 13 colony?s lines.
Daniel Perry Gunnels was born on October 6, 1823 near Bold Springs (now a ?dead town?), in Franklin
County, Georgia to Nathan Daniel and Nancy Gunnels.9 Daniel P. was one of eight children, four boys and four
girls of Nathan and Nancy. He was raised on the family farm and received an ?adequate education.?10 We believe
that in 1840, Daniel?s father was at that time a small farmer. The 1840 Census reveals that Nathan owned only three
slaves, all ?employed in agriculture,? a number that would hardly be sufficient to run a large farm. Moreover, there
is no record of any public land purchases made by Nathan. It seems likely that Nathan grew only food crops for his
family?s consumption and perhaps some surplus for trading with local merchants. Daniel, who was age 17 in 1840,
probably worked some of the family farm.
Sometime after 1840 and before 1850, Daniel?s father, Nathan, made the move to becoming a merchant. The
1850 Census shows that he is now a merchant in Franklin County and now owns no slaves.11 The value of his real
estate was estimated at a respectable $6,300, perhaps consistent with both a merchandise store and a home. In 1852,
Figure?3 (left)????Thomas H. Benton
Source: Wikipedia.com
Figure 4 (right) John C. Calhoun
Source: Wikipedia.com.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
180
Nathan was appointed postmaster of ?Bald? Springs (Bold Springs), a natural extension since the post office was
frequently located in the back of a merchandise store. He was reappointed as postmaster in 1866 but only served for
about a month when it appears that the post office was discontinued.12 The nearest town to Bold Springs with a post
office was Carnesville, about 5 miles to the north-east. In fact, Nathan, who died in early 1870, is buried in the
?Gunnels Cemetery No. 1? in Carnesville.13
Thomas J. Caver, Mentor
Returning to Daniel Perry, he probably worked with his father until 1845, perhaps as a clerk in his father?s
mercantile store. In that year, Daniel relocated to Boiling Springs, Benton County, Alabama (Figure 5) where he
obtained a position as a clerk in a mercantile firm owned by another Georgia native, Thomas John Caver.14
Figure 5 ?Boiling Springs, Calhoun
County, Alabama?. The Caver home
was just up the hill to the left.
Source: House on the Davis Farm
(Caver-Christian House, Boiling Spring)
in Oxford, Alabama.
https://digital.archives.alabama.gov
/digital/collection/photo/id/20712/
Daniel also was able to secure a room in the large Carver home which had just been completed (Figure 6) and
having a boarder in their home would not have been a problem. It would also have allowed Thomas Caver to tutor
Daniel in the ways of merchandising. Caver reported a real estate value of $8,000 for 1850, which most likely
included both his new home and his mercantile store.15 While Caver was also from Georgia (Lincoln County), there
does not appear to be a direct connection between the two since Daniel was from Franklin County, and the two
counties were some 150 miles apart. Caver?s wife, Eliza Davis, 12 years Thomas? junior, does not appear to have
any connection to Daniel since she was from Alabama.16
Figure 6. Caver home was built between
1840 and 1850. Brick facade was added in
1950 and the home burned in 2006.
Source: House on the Davis Farm (Caver-
Christian House, Boiling Spring) in Oxford,
Alabama,
https://digital.archives.alabama.gov
/digital/collection/photo/id/20712/
We do know that Daniel Gunnels ??at some time he purchased an interest with his employer, and still later,
became the sole owner of the concern?.17
In 1854, Daniel was able to acquire land in Calhoun County, Alabama from the Government Land Office at
Lebanon, Alabama in four different transactions. Each transaction involved the purchase of about 40 acres of land,
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
181
with the first purchase of 40 acres on July 15 followed by three more 40-acre purchases on October 3, 1854.18 In all
four transactions, Thomas J. Caver and Daniel Gunnels are listed on the patent, presumably as partners. However,
there is a different third person listed on each of the three different October 3rd purchases. These men, Moses J.
Holland, Vincent Meadows, and Matthew M. Moore, could not be positively identified in either the 1850 or 1860
Census records of Benton County, Alabama.
Caver did not own any slaves in 1850, but by 1960 his occupation was listed as ?farmer? and he had acquired
32 slaves. He most likely planted cotton, perhaps on all four parcels of land that he co-owned.19 At that time, the
value of Caver?s real estate had grown to $20,000 and his personal estate to $84,000. Since slaves were considered
part of a person?s personal wealth, about half of Caver?s personal estate could have been in the value of slaves. In
1870, Caver?s real estate was still a respectable $16,860 compared to $20,000 in 1860 while his personal estate had
fallen from $84,000 to $860!20
Records suggest that Caver sold his mercantile business to Daniel Gunnels, perhaps beginning as early as
1854.21 Daniel moved from Boiling Springs to Oxford around 1854 and continued in the mercantile business in
Oxford which he maintained until 1872.22 However, between 1862 and 1865 he was employed by the Oxford Iron
Company, a ?reserved occupation? that would have exempted him from military service in the Confederate Army.23
The Oxford Iron Company (also called Oxford Furnace Co.) was organized November 1862 and mined iron ore and
manufactured pig iron for the war effort. Unfortunately, Oxford Furnace was burned by Federal troops April 23,
1865, exactly two weeks after Lee surrendered on April 9th.24
At some point, Daniel Gunnels had sold part of his land holdings in Calhoun County to his employer, the
Oxford Iron Company. In 1872, Samuel Noble and Daniel Tyler, purchased the ruins of the Oxford Iron Company
and rebuilt the company as the Woodstock Furnace Company. The company laid out the area around the new plant
as a company town and founded the town of Anniston in 1873. It was not open to general settlement until 1883.25
In 2020, Anniston and Oxford were approximately of equal population size (23,106 and 21,348 respectively).26 The
towns are less than 5 miles apart.
In 1857, Daniel married Susan Elizabeth Cunningham in Talladega. She was born in Alabama and was just
18 years old, while Daniel was 33, some fifteen years her senior!27 This is a family tradition it seems, when you
consider that Susan?s mother, Nancy, was 16 years younger than her husband, William!28 Daniel and Susan Elizabeth
began to grow their family of eight children starting in 1859, and produced four boys and four girls by 1876. The
1860 Census shows Daniel?s occupation to be that of a merchant and the value of his real estate was $2,000 and his
personal estate was $12,000. By 1870, Daniel?s real estate had increased from $2,000 to $10,000 while his personal
estate had fallen to $5,000. Since Daniel did not own any slaves, it is not clear what part of his personal estate had
taken such a large drop in value. There is no further record of Daniel?s financial picture in any of the Census records.
On July 2, 1858, Daniel continued to follow in his father?s footsteps by becoming the postmaster of Oxford,
a position he held until October 18, 1865. His younger brother, Joel D. Gunnels, became the postmaster of Banksville,
Georgia in 1870 and held that position until April of 1875 when his even younger brother, John H. Gunnels was
appointed postmaster of Banksville. An incredible sequence where father and three sons all became postmasters.29
A fourth son, Nathan C., migrated to Palestine, Texas where he joined the 37th Texas Calvary, Confederate States, on
May 8, 1863. He died in Texas on November 30, 1864 as a 1st Lieutenant.30 It is unclear if his death was related to
his service in the army.
Daniel died in 1895 at the age of 72 and Susan died in 1923 at the age of 84. Both are buried in Oxford,
Alabama.31 The Gunnels name lives on in the city of Oxford with two roads bearing the family name: Gunnels Lane
and Gunnels Street. And of course, Anniston is founded on land once owned by Daniel Gunnels.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
182
References
1 Gregory, James, ?America?s Great Migrations,? https://depts.washington.edu/moving1/Alabama.shtml
2Gunther, William and Charles Derby, A Comprehensive Guide to Alabama Obsolete Notes: 1818-1885, Privately Printed, 2020.
3Maloney, Christopher, ?Oxford?, Encyclopedia of Alabama, https://encyclopediaofalabama.org.
4Foscue, Virginia O., Place Names in Alabama (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1989), p.106
5?Calhoun County, Alabama?, https://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Alabama#History
6,9,27?Gunnels, Daniel Perry,? Public Family Trees, Ancestry.com
7?Minutemen,? Wikipedia.com. (https:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/minutemen)
8Gunnels, Sallie Francis, North America Family Histories, 1500-2000, Ancestrry.com.
10Gunnels, Nathan. Find-a-grave. Ancestry.com.
11Gunnels, Nathan. 1850 Census and Census of Slaves
12Gunnel, Daniel and Nathan Gunnels, U.S. Appointment of U.S. Postmasters, 1832-1971, Ancestry.com
13Gunnels, Nathan. Find-a-grave, Ancestry.com.
14,17,21,22?Gunnels, Daniel,? U.S. Surname Files Expanded, 1702-1981, Ancestry.com
15,19,20?Caver, T. J.?, Census of 1850, 1860 and 1870. Ancestry.com.
16?Eliza Davis Caver?, Find-a-grave, Ancestry.com
18?Gunnels, D. P.?, U. S. General Land Office Records, 1776-2015, Ancesstry.com
23?Confederate Conscription Acts: 1862-1864.? https:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Conscription_Acts_1862_1864. The 1862 Act
applied to men 18 to 35. Daniel Gunnels was 37 at the beginning of the war in April of 1861, but would have been 38 on his birthday in
October 1863 and subject to the Second Conscription Act which extended the range from 18-45.
24?Historic Oxford,? Alabama Historical Markers, ahc.alabama.gov/historicalmarkerprogram.aspx
25 ?History of Anniston, Alabama?. www.u-s-history.com.
26Anniston and Oxford, Alabama. Population estimates are from Wikipedia.com.
28?William Cunningham,? Census of 1850, Ancestry.com.
29U.S. Appointment of U.S. Postmasters, Ancestry.com.
30Gunnels, Nathan C., Find-a-grave, Ancestry.com.
31Gunnels, Susan, Find-a-grave, Ancestry.com.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
183
Some Interesting Civil War Monetary Instruments
by Steve Feller
Currency notes are my modal collectable, however, as I have collected for many years, ancillary numismatic items,
related to my interests, have been swept into my collection. In many ways these are as interesting as the notes
themselves. Here is a small sampling of some very historical items from the Civil War period of 1861-1865.
A. Treasury Warrants for the Confederate States
1. 1862 (Figure 1 - below)
This treasury warrant for $207.75 is dated March 24, 1862 and is from
New Orleans twice (Figure 1-above). It was printed in New Orleans and it
was issued there as well. Several prominent Confederates signed this fiscal
document including Robert Tyler, eldest son of US President John Tyler and
Register of the Treasury, Edward C. Elmore, Treasurer of the Confederate
States; these signatories also signed Confederate Notes printed by the
Southern Bank Note Company in 1861. Assistant Treasurer Anthony Guirot
wrote vertically on the face that the note was cancelled in Mobile On October
27, 1863. The note was payable to H. A. Burton. On the back (Figure 2-left)
two names appear. H. A. Burton endorsed the note and Joseph W. Hickey
received the note for payment on that same day, also in Mobile.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
184
2. 1865.
Figure 3. Dated March 7, 1865 this is a very late CSA Warrant for $750.
John Hendren signed this warrant just over a month before the surrender at Appomatox Courth House, VA. as
the second and last Treasurer of the Confederate States. According to Wikipedia:
John N. Hendren (1822 ? 1898) had been a Virginia attorney and judge who served as the second treasurer
of the Confedferate States of America?Hendren was born in Staunton, Virginia. He was the nephew of locally
prominent Presbyterian minister John Hendren. He attended The College of William and Mary, studied law, passed
his bar exam, and established a prosperous legal practice in Staunton. He married, raised a family, and built a
large mansion, "Selma."
Secretary of the Treasury Christopher Memminger resigned his post on July 18, 1864, and was replaced by
fellow South Carolinian George Trenholm. However, Edward C. Elmore initially stayed on as Treasurer under
Trenholm, but resigned in the autumn. Shortly afterward, Hendren posted his bond on October 10, 1864, and
assumed the role of Treasurer. He stayed in his post until the fall of the Confederacy in April 1865.
Following the war, Hendren returned to Staunton and was a judge for Augusta County, Virginia.
Noted Confederate research Phillip Lamb relayed to me that he knew of just two of these warrants signed by
Hendren. His description of these two was: ?genuine treasures.? He went on to note that both vouchers were issued
in Abbeville, SC. The other one was for 1.3 million dollars!
Robert Tyler also signed this warrant as Register of the Confederacy..
Figure 4. Abbeville, S.C. is the location given on the note.
Abbeville was both the birthplace of secession and the site of the end of the Confederate cabinet and
government. On November 22, 1860, a meeting was held at Secession Hill in Abbeville (Figure 5) to plan agitation
for South Carolina's secession from the Union; one month later, on December 20, 1860 the state of South Carolina
did, in fact, formally secede. It was the first state to do so.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
185
Figure 5. Secession Hill in Abbeville, SC.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbeville,_South_Carolina#/media/File:Rock_at_Secession_Hill.jpg
Confederate President Jefferson Davis held the last cabinet meeting in Abbeville at the home of his friend Armistead
Burt. It was there on May 2, 1865, in the front parlor of the Burt-Stark Mansion (Figure 6) that Jefferson Davis
officially acknowledged the end of the Confederate government. This was a full month after the fall of Richmond
Figure 6. Burt-Stark House,
Abbeville, SC
https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/8/89/Burt-
Stark_house.jpg
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
186
B. 1864 State of Ohio Warrant for ?Repelling Invasion.?
There were two large scale invasions of the North by General Robert E. Lee. Both led to serious Confederate
losses; one at Antietam, MD in 1862 and one at Gettysburg, PA in 1863. However, there were several other
incursions including the well-known raid by General John Morgan into Indiana and Ohio (Figure 8).
General Morgan sought to supply his troops and disrupt the Union at a crucial time?the battles of Vicksburg
and Gettysburg were raging during the raid. Ultimately the raid did not succeed. Nearly three thousand Confederates
participated and many were captured or died.
The state of Ohio paid out more than $200,000 in wages to the defenders of the state. Figure 7 shows a treasury
warrant for $10.80 that was from the ?Military Fund? of the State of Ohio. This document is a tangible part of that
state payment and is a true piece of history.
Figure 7. Payment to an Ohio soldier repelling Morgan?s Raid into Indiana and Ohio.
Figure 8. Path of the Morgan Raid. It went over 1,000 miles.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
187
C. A Check from the South and a Check from the North
Figure 9. Confederate Treasury check for $19,500
Major Claibourne, of the Confederate States wrote the illustrated Confederate States check for $19,500 on
Saturday the 4th of January 1862 (Figure 9). At that time Confederate currency still maintained most of its value in
gold (approximately 0.75 to 0.80 $ in gold according to SUPPRESSING ASSET PRICE INFLATION: THE
CONFEDERATE EXPERIENCE, 1861-1865by Richard C.K. Burdekin Marc D. Weidenmier Working Paper 9230
http://www.nber.org/papers/w9230 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts
Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 October 2002) and this check was quite a lot of money. I do not know what it was
used for?perhaps to obtain supplies for his regiment as it was written to a commercial firm.
Figure 10. The Cooper Shop Volunteer Refreshment Saloon served Union troops passing through Philadelphia.
This is a check receipt from it for $34.62. The flag has 34 stars indicative of the admission of Kansas on July 4,
1861. Note that the flag then didn?t have a standard design.
This establishment was located near the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad station in Philadelphia
and provided assistance to hundreds of thousands of soldiers traveling during the war. It opened in 1861. See the
contemporary lithograph shown in figure 11-below. Several other branches opened in time.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
188
Figure 11.
Chromolithography of
M. H. Traubel, Philadelphia 1862
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
189
D. Confederate Stamp Money from Mobile, AL
Figure 12. Confederate Stamp
Money note for one cent from the
Mobile, AL Post Office circa 1861.
Figure 13. Back of the Mobile note
with two overstruck postmarks.
The auction listing of this note follows; it came from the Robert Siegel philatelic auction 1073 in 2014:
Mobile, Alabama
50 x 27mm thick card with printed "Post Office, Mobile. Good for 1 Cent.", manuscript name,
back with two strikes of Mobile double-circle datestamp, date unclear, split vertically thru
"Office" and hinged together, Fine appearance and most unusual, we have encountered
examples of stamp money from New Orleans but this is the first we have offered from Mobile.
While Lloyd Bowers was the postmaster of Mobile, Alabama at that time the note was signed by Assistant
Postmaster Owen across the face of the note. The note is undated although the back postmark likely was dated but
it is obscured today.
This rare note is an example of a significant issue of stamp money by the Confederate States. Recently I wrote
a detailed article of the known issues for the Confederate Philatelist (CP) magazine:
Steve Feller, ?Confederate Stamp Money Revisited,? CP 65 (2) 15-33 (2020).
These notes were used to make small change at the various Confederate Post Offices.
Figure 14. Assistant Postmaster Owen
signed the Mobile postage stamp money.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
190
Lyn Knight Currency Auct ions
If you are buying notes...
You?ll find a spectacular selection of rare and unusual currency offered for
sale in each and every auction presented by Lyn Knight Currency
Auctions. Our auctions are conducted throughout the year on a quarterly
basis and each auction is supported by a beautiful ?grand format? catalog,
featuring lavish descriptions and high quality photography of the lots.
Annual Catalog Subscription (4 catalogs) $50
Call today to order your subscription!
800-243-5211
If you are selling notes...
Lyn Knight Currency Auctions has handled virtually every great United
States currency rarity. We can sell all of your notes! Colonial Currency...
Obsolete Currency... Fractional Currency... Encased Postage... Confederate
Currency... United States Large and Small Size Currency... National Bank
Notes... Error Notes... Military Payment Certificates (MPC)... as well as
Canadian Bank Notes and scarce Foreign Bank Notes. We offer:
Great Commission Rates
Cash Advances
Expert Cataloging
Beautiful Catalogs
Call or send your notes today!
If your collection warrants, we will be happy to travel to your
location and review your notes.
800-243-5211
Mail notes to:
Lyn Knight Currency Auctions
P.O. Box 7364, Overland Park, KS 66207-0364
We strongly recommend that you send your material via USPS Registered Mail insured for its
full value. Prior to mailing material, please make a complete listing, including photocopies of
the note(s), for your records. We will acknowledge receipt of your material upon its arrival.
If you have a question about currency, call Lyn Knight.
He looks forward to assisting you.
800-243-5211 - 913-338-3779 - Fax 913-338-4754
Email: lyn@lynknight.com - support@lynknight.c om
Whether you?re buying or selling, visit our website: www.lynknight.com
Fr. 379a $1,000 1890 T.N.
Grand Watermelon
Sold for
$1,092,500
Fr. 183c $500 1863 L.T.
Sold for
$621,000
Fr. 328 $50 1880 S.C.
Sold for
$287,500 Lyn Knight
Currency Auctions
Deal with the
Leading Auction
Company in United
States Currency
?
Second Issue Fractional Currency Progress Proofs
by Richard Melamed
One of the more intriguing aspects of Fractional Currency are the Progress Proofs produced by the Treasury for
the development of the 2nd issue. As the 1st issue of Postage Currency was being retired, the Treasury was tasked to
create a new series of Fractional notes that distanced itself from the U.S. Postal Service and would be more difficult
to counterfeit. What becomes immediately apparent is the very first Proofs are missing the familiar elements we
associate with the regular issue (most noticeable are the non-denominational aspects and lack of a portrait). In this
article we will observe how the Proofs gradually morphed into regular issue notes. Observing the step-by-step
development gives us a contextual understanding of how the final design was developed. Many of these Progress
Proofs were saved by Spencer Clark, who was the 1st Superintendent of the National Currency Bureau, today known
as the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. These were in Clark?s possession until 1893 (Clark died in 1890) when his
widow entrusted them to high profile dealer Edouard Frossard. He listed them in a fixed price offering of Fractional
Progress Proofs and Experimentals. They are extremely rare ? populations from one known to a couple of pieces.
Lucky for the currency collecting community that Clark held onto the Proofs which are still highly sought after.
The note on the left is a very early 2nd issue Progress Proof (Milton 2E5F.2e). The note on the right, is a common
2nd issue 5? wide margin Specimen (Fr. 1232-WM-SP-OBV) - with the final design.
We highlighted the missing elements on the Proof.
1. The 4 corners are missing the denomination amount. The Specimen show four ?5?s? for 5?, while
the proof has blanks where the denomination amount would eventually reside.
2. The ?United? and ?States? are both printed in an Olde English font. However, on the Proof the
font is hollow; on the Specimen they are shaded.
3. There is no portrait in the center of the Proof; on the Specimen, the familiar portrait of Washington
is present. In later Progress Proofs, Washington?s portrait is physically pasted on. Apparently on the Proof
shown above, the pasted portrait has fallen off. Note that the diagonal ?SPECIMEN? overprint is
interrupted where the portrait once resided. The end result is: ?SPE___MEN?.
4. On the Progress Proof, Congressional ?Act of July 17, 1862? is cited; which was the day that
Congress approved the use of Postage Currency (1st issue). On the Specimen note, the Congressional ?Act
of March 3, 1863?, is cited; the day the use of Fractional Currency was authorized (2nd issue). The 1863
law moved these notes from Postage to Fractional Currency.
5. The key is missing on top of the portrait on the Proof; on the Specimen the key is present.
6. The two large ?5?s? are on the left and right of the portrait are blank on the Proof.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
193
7. The "Engraved and Printed at the Treasury Department" is printed outside the boundary of the
proof in a separate block rather than in its final position below the enabling date of the Specimen.
These early Progress Proofs were initially focused on the obverse design. Later Negative Essays and
Experimentals shifted focus on the paper, reverse colors and bronze surcharges. James Duthie, who was the
first engraver of the National Currency Bureau, was responsible for creating the intricate dock scene ? a steamship
unloading its cargo. It is assumed the complexity of the design would help thwart the counterfeiters (it did not
however). The design is the same as the proof shown above, but these examples have (3) pie wedge cancellations as
opposed to the (2) half-moon cancellations we generally see. Two different color paper were tested ? white and a
pale yellow.
Below is a Progress Proof that does include the paste-on of Washington?s portrait. This example is not punched
cancelled, nor does it contain the ?SPECIMEN? overprint. We excised Washington?s portrait from the Proof (left)
and placed it next to the portrait from a regular issue fractional (far right). Note how Washington?s stand-alone
portrait on the left has a sepia tone, while the portrait on the right is more muted ? black and white. Early photographs
from this era often displayed a sepia monochrome color and begs the question: was the paste-on portrait of
Washington on the proof a photograph? It seems quite possible since the paste on contains no engraving lines.
Further to the point, with the final design still in development, a photograph of Washington would be easier to employ
than an engraving. Once the obverse design was finalized, the engravers could then move onto the task of etching
our first President?s portrait onto the plate.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
194
Here are a pair of non-denomination progress proofs. Both have the paste on portrait of Washington, half-moon
cancellations and ?SPECIMEN? overprint. The off-white example on the left is similar to Milton 2E5F.1a. The
progress proof on the right, Milton 2E5F.2a, is the same as the item above, but it?s printed on heavy yellow paper.
Not all Progress Proofs have Milton Friedberg numbers. They will be identified in this article only when there is a
corresponding number.
From the October 11, 2007, sale of the John Ford collection
by Stack?s (Part XIX) is a Progress Proof of just the George
Washington portrait used on all 2nd issue Fractionals. This Proof
was originally part of the F.C.C. Boyd holdings. With the
obverse design set and the Treasury agreeing to the use of
Washington?s portrait on the 2nd issue of Fractionals, the
engraving of this portrait was commissioned. The significance
of this cannot be overstated. What may seem to be
inconsequential is anything but. This is the very first image of
the portrait that would grace every regular 2nd issue Fractional.
This was not lost to the Fractional community. The presale
estimate was $300-$500; but when it when the bidding
concluded, it sold for 6x the original low-end auction estimate -
$1,840.
We can see
on the example
on the left that the
development is
progressing. This
piece is similar
to several of the
items in the
Milton 2E5F.2
group. While it?s
also a non-
denominational
note with the
same empty cartouches, the portrait of Washington is printed rather than pasted in place. Note the wide white oval
surrounding the portrait; it was only used here and was not part of the final design. Also, the ?United? and
?States? are now shaded in the same manner as the regular issue. It indicates that the Treasury accepted the portrait
of Washington.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
195
Here is a pair of uncut Progress Proofs likely from the
same sheet as evidenced by the large margin between
the notes. This pair is from the Ford XIX sale by Stacks
in 2017 (pedigrees to F.C.C. Boyd). Both pairs are
undated, with blank cartouches, no denomination, no
?Specimen? overprint, no cancellations and no ?Act of
Date.? The narrow margin note above is an exact
match to these pairs and is also likely from the same
sheet. A very early proof, but later than the first proofs
without Washington?s portrait. Like the note above,
both pairs contain the wide white oval around the
portrait. The ?25? bronze overprint could likely be one
of the very first examples of the bronze surcharge. The
haphazard application of the bronze overprint is only
part of story. Note below how the double line ?25? on
the Proof differs from the single line ?25? on the
reverse of the regular Fractional issue. This is the only
instance of the double outline surcharge being used.
The double outline was quickly dropped.
Here is another note that could be mistaken for an even
later Progress Proof or early Experimental. Or is it? One might
think the large ?50? bronze surcharge with ?March 21, 1863?
date indicates a later development. But strip away the surcharge
and you have the empty cartouches and no ?Act of Date?.
Might this be an earlier Progress Proof that was subsequently
stamped just after the March 21, 1863, law authorizing the 2nd
issue of Fractionals was passed? The earliest examples have
the July 17, 1862, date. Successive Proofs were left dateless
suggesting that the Treasury knew Congress was close to
approving new legislation. Once the law was passed a date
could be inserted. Because of the inclusion of the bronze date,
the Progress Proof might have just come after the uncut pair above. The bronze ?50? surcharge on the face was very
short lived. It made its way to reverse in very short order.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
196
At first glance, this pair might be mistaken for Experimentals, but these are definitely Progress Proofs - albeit
ones that are further along in development. Yes, these show the first evidence of a denomination designation with
the six printed ?5?s? and the final Washington portrait, but there are 3 giveaways that make these a Progress Proof:
1) there is no shading behind the two large ?5?s? (they are shaded in the regular issue) 2) There is no key in the disk
above the portrait. 3) The ?Act of Date? is still missing. The note on the left is punch cancelled with the ?SPECIMEN?
overprint. The note on the right has no ?SPECIMEN? overprint and is not punch cancelled.
Progress Proofs are of great importance since they show how the
obverses of the 2nd issue of Fractional Notes were developed. With the
design completed, the Treasury would progress with reverse designs.
Negative Essays came next (or were concurrent) as we see different dye
colors and bronze surcharges. Another phase before the regular issue is
the Fractional Experimental (shown to the right) - which have a much
greater population and contain the near-final designs.
Thanks to Mike Marchioni and Tom O?Mara, former Fractional
club presidents for their input. Also, to Heritage and Stacks Bowers for
the use of the images.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
197
The Paper
Column
Peter?Huntoon?
Glass-Borah Amendment
of 1932 spiked Series of 1929
Jamie?Yakes? National Bank Note Circulation by a Third
Purpose and Introduction
The purpose of this piece is to explain how the Glass-Borah Amendment to the Federal Home Loan
Bank Act of 1932 caused national bank circulation to increase by $220 million above the then outstanding
$675 million. The amendment was a rider to the home loan act that was unrelated to home loans, but instead
was tacked on to cause an inflation of the money supply in hopes it would help mitigate the Great
Depression. The Glass-Borah amendment awarded the circulation privilege to U.S. bonds with interest
rates of 3-3/8 percent or less to make it more profitable for bankers to take out circulation than the 2 percent
bonds then available as security for national bank notes. This favorable provision would terminate in three
year, when it was hoped the depression will have passed.
Inelastic Currency
The purpose of the National Bank Act was to create a new form of currency. To that end, organizers
of national banks were required to purchase at least a minimum amount of U. S. Treasury bonds based on
their capitalizations in order to secure their issuances of national bank notes. Curiously, despite the
requirement to purchase bonds, there was no requirement that the bankers actually had to take out
circulation backed by them. Prior to passage of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, the minimum par value of
bonds that the bankers were required to maintain was: (1) $50,000 for banks with a capital of $150,000 or
more, and (2) one-quarter of their capital for banks with a capital of less than $150,000.
The bottom line was that the National Bank Act produced a supply of national bank notes that was
predicated on the combined capitalizations of all the banks in the country. Consequently, the volume of this
currency was rather inflexible because the bankers couldn?t easily or quickly change their capitalizations.
Thus, national currency was reviled by monetary experts as being inelastic because its volume couldn?t
adjust to variable economic demands.
Specifically, the supply didn?t respond to changing demands for money in the annual cyclic course
of commerce. For example, when money was needed in times of increased activity, such as during crop
Figure 1. The Glass-Borah Amendment caused $220 million worth of Series
of 1929 type 1 nationals to be added to the existing $675 million national
bank note circulation by May 1933. The primary winners were the big city
banks. The officers of this New York bank increased their circulation from
$8.5 to $9.9 million between October 1931 and 1933, but their capitalization
remained constant at $10 million.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
198
planting season, there was a shortage of it so interest rates spiked, which hurt farmers. In times of
diminished activity, such as when crops were sold, there was a surplus of it, so interest rates sank. Thus, the
inelasticity exacerbated seasonal swings in interest rates.
Even worse, the national bank note supply couldn?t increase rapidly during economic emergencies
when cash was needed to offset hoarding. This fueled crippling money panics that came along with
distressing regularity.
Federal Reserve currency authorized by the Federal Reserve Act of December 23, 1913 was
designed to be the desired elastic currency. It was contemplated that it would quickly supplant national
currency. In fact, there were explicit provisions in the Federal Reserve Act to hasten the demise of national
currency.
Section 17 repealed the requirement that bankers deposit bonds to secure circulations, thus
allowing them to forego issuing national bank notes. Section 18 was a provision that allowed bankers with
existing circulations to sell their bonds to the Federal Reserve banks and thus get out of the currency-issuing
business. All ambiguity over the matter was eliminated by Section 9 in an amendment to the Federal
Reserve Act enacted June 21, 1917. That section simply reenacted the provision that national bankers were
absolved of the requirement to purchase bonds to secure circulation.
People rarely worried about the maximum circulation that a bank could issue. Bankers, of course,
could take out more circulation than the minimum if they wished to invest in more bonds, something they
did when circulation was profitable. The upper limit of circulation that a bank could subscribe for was
established by Section 12 of the Gold Standard Act of March 14, 1900, which placed the maximum at 100
percent of the paid-in capital of the bank.
There was a practical cap on the maximum possible total national currency supply. This was
predicated by the supply of Treasury bonds that were available to back the currency.
Congress accorded the so-called circulation privilege to specific bond issues. Only those bonds
could be used by bankers to back their currency. The bankers would buy these bonds, deposit them with the
U. S. Treasurer, and then receive national bank notes equal to the par value of the bonds. They could then
press the nationals into commerce.
The available bonds with the circulation privilege totaled $675 million at the beginning of 1932,
virtually all of which were owned by national banks to back their national bank note issues (FR Board,
1932, p. 478).
The U. S. Treasury was pleased with this cap because it limited the volume of inelastic national
currency to about 12 percent of the total money supply at the time (FR Board, 1932, p. 480). Consequently,
national currency no longer was a major player on the monetary stage going into 1932.
The problem was that even though the available bonds used to back national bank notes earned only
2 percent interest, national bank note circulation was sufficiently profitable that the majority of the bankers
held on to them and continued to maintain their circulations. In fact, the supply of eligible 2 percent bonds
was insufficient for this purpose so they sold at a premium over their par value.
Consequently, as the nation began to reel under the Great Depression, the inelastic national
currency was not going away. By its nature, it was actually contributing to the economic woes.
A Stopgap Solution
Then came the Federal Home Loan Bank Act, a measure called for by Republican President
Herbert Hoover to encourage home ownership by providing low-cost home mortgages. The act was signed
into law by Hoover July 22, 1932. However, the form in which it passed it was a notable dud because the
only people who could quality for mortgages were sufficiently well off, they didn?t need to fool with the
Federal Home Loan Banks (Wikipedia).
Here is where it gets interesting. Over the objections of Hoover and his Treasury officials, a rider
was tacked onto the bill that became known as the Glass-Borah Amendment. This granted the circulation
privilege for a period of three years from the date of passage of the act to all U. S. bonds that paid interest at
3-3/8 percent or less. The rider had nothing to do with the Federal Home Loan Banks.
Its sponsors were Virginia Democratic Senator Carter Glass, former Secretary of the Treasury
under Woodrow Wilson, and Idaho Republican Senator William Borah. Both were progressives. Clearly
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
199
their amendment was a clumsy attempt to inflate the money supply because it would make national bank
note circulation sufficiently profitable it would incentivize the bankers to invest in the higher yield bonds
and take out additional circulation.
Far more important, it effectively blew the roof off the then current $675 million cap on total
national bank note circulation by making a flood of high-yield bonds available for purchase. There were
about $3 billion worth of them out there.
Suddenly, instead of worrying about the nominal remaining national bank note circulation, the
Treasury had to worry about the theoretical maximum amount of such currency that could be created! Not
only that, they fretted about the weakening effect the move into national currency was going to have on the
Federal Reserve system because the bankers would turn to the Federal Reserve banks to get the money they
needed to buy the newly eligible bonds (FR Board, 1932, p. 474-476).
Treasury officials quickly fathomed that the maximum theoretical national bank note circulation
was the collective capitalization of all the banks in the country. They summed these and found that total
national bank capitalization was $1.570 billion. A mechanism was now in place that could result in almost
a billion-dollar expansion of the national bank note supply. The potential increase was almost one and half
times the size of the existing national bank note supply!
The rider on the FHLB act gave bankers a strong incentive to swap out elastic Federal Reserve
currency for inelastic national currency, just what the Treasury and economists didn?t want. If taken to its
logical conclusion, nationals would grow to 30 percent of the total money supply rather than 12 percent!
Then national currency would be a major factor.
Although he chaffed, President Hoover didn?t veto the bill when it crossed his desk because he
rationalized that the potential spike in national bank note circulation would only last until 1935 when the
Figure 2. Carter Glass (left) Democratic senator from Virginia and William E. Borah (right) maverick
Republican Senator from Idaho sponsored the Glass-Borah rider to the Federal Home Loan Bank Act of July
22, 1932 giving a three-year circulation privilege to 3-3/8 percent or lower interest U.S. bonds that caused a
one-third spike in national bank note circulation by 1933. Wikipedia photos.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
200
circulation privilege for the high yield bonds expired (Awalt, 1932, p.
5). Then the bankers would have to sell those bonds and their money
would flow back into the Federal Reserve banks. There would be a
reverse substitution of nationals back into FRNs so things would
normalize.
An important fact is that the FHLB Act did not increase the tax
bankers had to pay on their circulation if they used the higher yield
bonds. Consequently, the spread between the interest they earned and
the tax they had to pay was greater than the spread with the 2 percent
bonds. The result was a strong incentive for them to swap out their
existing 2 percent bonds even if they didn?t increase their circulations.
Impact on National Bank Circulation
What actually occurred in the short term is exactly what was
predicted. Of course, the bankers who had surplus cash acted in their
self-interest and bought the high yield bonds and used them to inflate
their circulations. Within three months of passage of the FHLB act, the
national bank note supply grew by $125 million and continued to
grow. It spiked to $893 million at the beginning of May, 1933, its
second highest level in history (O=Conner, 1935). This peak followed
the election of Roosevelt and the bank holiday.
The FHLB spike amounted to $220 million more than the
early 1932 national bank note circulation, a 33 percent increase. A
spike of $220 million was a quarter of the worst-case scenario
contemplated by the Hoover Treasury, but even so it was a significant
increase.
Just as you might expect, the market value of the old 2 percent
bonds fell below par and the glamorous new high yield bonds started
selling for a premium as the bankers competed against each other and
other investors as they substituted the new for the old (FR Board,
1932, p. 479). They not only bought the high yield bonds to support
increased circulations, many simply swapped out their old 2 percent
bonds that were used to back their existing circulations.
Type 1 national bank notes were the impacted series thanks to
the $220 million increase in national bank note circulation. That many
more type 1 nationals were issued than otherwise would have been the
case.
The rapidly rising tide also helped lift the demand for type 2s
when they came along at the end of May 1933, but not by the same
degree. By the time the type 2s arrived, the peak national bank note
circulation already had been achieved so the type 2s were largely
replacements for type 1s that were wearing out. Their numbers of
course were greater than they would have been without the FHLB act
simply because the total amount of nationals in circulation was greater.
Figure 3. Graph showing the
impact on the total outstanding
circulation of national bank
currency by the Glass-Borah
Amendment. The tic marks on
the horizontal axis represent
December 31st of the years
shown.
If the FHLB act had not been passed, there would have been some $220 million fewer nationals in
circulation during the peak of the small note era. This would have translated into a roughly 25 percentage
decrease in the number of them available to you collectors!
As for just which small size nationals became more common as a result of the FHLB act, it was the
big city bank issues. The big city banks, simply by virtue of their size, held the overwhelming dollar value
of available uncommitted capitalization, so their savvy management put it to work to their advantage (FR
Board, 1932, p. 479).
In economic terms, the big city banks already were basking in a surplus of cash whereas the small
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
201
country banks were strapped. Thus, the big city banks preferentially got to increase their circulations. After
the smoke cleared, the well-intended rider on the FHLB act didn?t do the economy or the little guy any
good.
The Phoenix National Bank
An excellent example of bankers who took advantage of the Glass-Borah Amendment were those
at The Phoenix National Bank, Arizona. Their circulation was $150,000 backed by 2% bonds going into
1932, a figure that had held constant during the Series of 1929 era up to then. In August 1932 they bought
$350,000 worth of the glamorous high yield bonds in four lots that bore interest at between 3% and 3-3/8%,
boosting their circulation to an astronomical for them half million dollars.
To order to make their investment in these bonds pay twice, they had to loan the $350,000 that their
bonds bought. This was a high-risk proposition at that point in the Great Depression but they did circulate
the new currency once it arrived so they somehow put it to work.
In August 1933 they sold $98,000 worth of 3 percent bonds. This was followed in June 1934 by the
sale of $252,000 of their remaining highest-yield bonds; specifically, $175,000 of 3-3/8 percenters and
$77,000 of 3-1/8 percenters, leaving them with their original $150,000 circulation backed by their old 2%
bonds. They apparently felt so cleansed in getting rid of that circulation, they unloaded the remaining
$150,000 of their 2% bonds in August 1934, thus, getting completely out of the note-issuing business.
In this peculiar case, the rate of bond sales beginning in August 1933 exceeded the rate at which the
National Currency Redemption Agency in the Treasurer?s office could scavenge their excess notes from
circulation. The result was that no type 2 notes were sent to the bank.
The bank was issuing $10 and $20 type 1 Series of 1929 notes at the time the bankers ramped up
their circulation to $500,000 in 1932. The Comptroller?s clerks covered most of new $350,000 using $20s;
specifically, sheet serials 948-1094 sent August 12th, 1095-3047 sent August 30th, 3048-3662 sent August
31st, and 3663-3830 sent September 17th, totaling $345,960. $10 sheets 3425-3492 totaling $4,080 were
included in the August 31 shipment to cover the remainder. [These shipments total $350,040, because the
September 17th shipment of $20s included an extra $40 to cover worn notes redeemed from circulation.]
The Comptroller?s inventory of notes for the bank at the time the bankers bought these bonds was
insufficient to cover them, so shipment of most of the notes was delayed until new printings could be
received from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing; specifically, $20 sheets 1095-3662 on August 30,
1932 and 3663-4702 on September 17th along with $10s 3813-5350.
The last sheets sent to the bank were $10 4126 and $20 3974, both from the printing that arrived
September 17, 1932. Significantly, of the 3,974 $20 type 1 sheets worth of notes issued from the bank, 73%
were from the initial shipments made to cover the Glass-Borah bond purchases. Of the $20 type 1 notes
Figure 4. The Glass-Borah Amendment encouraged the bankers at The
Phoenix National Bank to increase their circulation from $150,000 to
$500,000 in 1932 through their purchase of $350,000 worth of high-yield
bonds as allowed under the amendment. This note send to the bank on
August 30, 1932 was included in that increase from a printing that was
received from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing that same day.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
202
reported from the bank as of 2021, 70% are from these shipments.
Outcome
The last gasp tilt toward keeping national currency viable was the ill-advised Glass-Borah rider to
the Federal Home Loan Bank Act of 1932 that bolstered its profitability for the bankers by allowing them to
use bonds with interest rates of up to 3-3/8 percent to secure their circulations. The amendment was a
populist measure designed to inflate the total money supply with hopes that some would trickle down to the
little guy on the bottom rung of the economic ladder during the depths of the Great Depression. In reality, it
just made the big city bankers richer and temporarily burdened the economy with an increased dose of more
inelastic currency.
The worst fears of Hoover?s Treasury officials that the national bank note supply could inflate by
$1 billion to $1.7 billion as a result of the Glass-Borah Amendment didn?t come to pass. The actual increase
was $220 million above the pre-FHLB act circulation of $675 million in 1932.
The circulation privilege on the high yield bonds expired on June 22, 1935. Next, the Treasury
called all the remaining 2 percent bonds that carried the circulation privilege on August 1, 1935. That was
the end of inelastic national currency so reviled by economists and Treasury officials. Thus, the Roosevelt?s
New Deal Treasury got rid of the last of it in 1935 by executive action, not through market forces as
envisioned by the framers of the Federal Reserve Act back in 1913.
Sources of Information and Sources Cited
Awalt, F. G., 1932, Increase in the Circulation of National-Bank Notes; in, Annual Report of the Comptroller of the Currency: U. S.
Government Printing Office, p. 4-5.
Comptroller of the Currency, 1863-1935, National currency and bond ledgers: Record Group 101, U. S. National Archives, College
Park, MD.
Comptroller of the Currency, issued annually, Annual Reports of the Comptroller of the Currency: U. S. Government Printing
Office.
Federal Reserve Board, Aug 1932, Review of the Month, home loan banks, p. 474-476, & Recent legislation on national bank note
circulation, p. 478-480: Federal Reserve Bulletin, vol. 18, no. 8.
O=Connor, J. F. T., 1935, Table 4-Authorized capital stock of national banks, circulation secured by bonds, etc.; in, Seventy-Third
Annual Report of the Comptroller of the Currency for the year ended October 31, 1935: U. S. Government Printing
Office, 852 p.
United States Statutes, National Bank Act and amendments of various dates; Federal Reserve Act and amendments; Federal Home
Loan Bank Act of Jul 22, 1932: U. S. Government Printing Office.
Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Home_Loan_Bank_Act.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
203
National Bank Notes with Women Signatures
by Frank Clark
I have an affinity for National Bank Notes that are different for one reason or another. This is often in the eye of
the beholder, so there are no set rules. Beginning in the late 1980s, I noticed that some Nationals have women
signatures. My first purchase of a note with a woman's signature was a $5 Brown Back on the National Bank of La
Grange, Indiana, charter number 4972, that was pen signed by Vice President Katherine R. Williams. I started to
keep track of women signers of Nationals and this listing is the result of that labor. It is now time to share my findings
of more than 30 years on this subject with the SPMC membership.
I did not record every denomination that I found a woman's signature on as I elected to just record by major type
for a particular charter number. Nonetheless, the listing has grown far larger that I would have ever imagined.
However, I am positive that this list is nowhere near complete.
Abbreviations used in the listing are found at the very end. Also, included in the listing are male bank officers,
who due to their names, are often mistaken for women bank officers. Initials have been deciphered as much as
possible and some of these were obtained by using the U.S. Banks & Bankers database that is found on the
www.spmc.org website. I also included a few facts on various officers, and these will follow immediately after an
officer's listing. Every note in my listing has been observed by me or a fellow collector. I would like to thank
everyone who helped me compile this listing. Special thanks go to Karl S. Kabelac who wrote articles on various
women bank officers for our Paper Money journal over the years.
If you have any corrections or additions, please email them to me at frank_spmc@yahoo.com.
City & State Charter Series Type Officer's Name & Title Comments
Prattville, AL 9055 1902 PB Mrs. (Ernestine) R(omie) M(ae) McCord - C
Berryville, AR 10406 1902 PB Ruth McLuwon - AC
Gentry, AR 12340 1902 PB Sadie Monroe - C
Marked Tree, AR 11122 1902 PB Ruby Hastings - AC
Mena, AR 7163 1902 PB Naomi Pryor - AC
Pine Bluff, AR 6680 1902 PB Cora Niven - AC
Springdale, AR 8763 1902 PB Clara E. Henson - AC
Tombstone, AZ 6439 1902 PB Mary M(cNelis) Costello - P Mary is mother of Ruth
Image courtesy of
Heritage Auctions
Archive
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
204
City & State Charter Series Type Officer's Name & Title Comments
Tombstone, AZ 6439 1902 PB Ruth C. Costello - VP
Tombstone, AZ 6439 1902 PB Ruth C. Costello - C
Ducor, CA 10301 1929 T1 Rhoda Perkins - C
Hermosa Beach, CA 12271 1902 PB Anne Meuret - AC
Long Beach, CA 8870 1902 PB Naomi C. Tompkins - C
Long Beach, CA 12819 1902 PB Jannitte C. Webster - AC
Long Beach, CA 12819 1902 PB Naomi C. Tompkins - VP
Marysville, CA 11123 1902 PB Phebe M. Rideout - P
Oroville, CA 10282 1902 PB Phebe M. Rideout - P
Riverdale, CA 10200 1902 PB Pauline L. Gobby - AC
San Pedro, CA 7057 1902 PB Katherine R. Mahar - P
Akron, CO 10901 1902 PB Mary Wenig - AC
Akron, CO 10901 1902 PB Edna B. Clark - C
Akron, CO 10901 1929 T1 Edna B. Clark - C
Akron, CO 10901 1929 T2 Edna B. Clark - C
Salmon, ID 9432 1902 PB Marie Ryan - AC
Brighton, IL 9397 1902 PB Roberta L. Simmons - C
Brookport, IL 6713 1902 DB Grace Butterworth - AC
Brookport, IL 6713 1902 DB K(atherine) L(ukens) Holifield - C
Ms.?Holifield?as?cashier?served?with?her?husband?H(enry)?W(alton)?Holifield?as?president?
and?earlier?with?her?father,?John?F.?McCartney?as?president?
Carterville, IL 7889 1902 PB Mabel Hadfield - AC
Casey, IL 6026 1929 T1 Rose Turner - C
Cuba, IL 11144 1929 T1 Marie C. Harrison - C
Fairmount, IL 11443 1929 T1 Shirley T. Catlett - C Male
Freeburg, IL 7941 1929 T1 Susie M. Wolf - C
Gilman, IL 5856 1882 VB Ella L. Row - C
Gilman, IL 5856 1902 PB Marie W. Hausmann - AC
Greenville, IL 9734 1902 PB Myrtle T. Bradford - P
Greenville, IL 9734 1902 PB N(ancy) R(ogers) Bradford-P
Kankakee, IL 1793 1863 OR Helen Clarke - C (Male - H(aswell) C. Clarke
Lawrenceville, IL 5385 1929 T1 Edna E. Thorn - C
Madison, IL 8457 1902 DB Elizabeth Brooks - C
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
205
City & State Charter Series Type Officer's Name & Title Comments
Marion, IL 4502 1929 T1 Shannon Holland - P Male
Princeton, IL 2165 1882 DB Pearl Lafferty - C
Wilsonville, IL 12630 1902 PB Lucille Bertetto - AC
Columbus, IN 1066 1929 T1 Elizabeth Lucas - P
Green Forks, IN 7124 1929 T1 Elizabeth J. Ward - C
Flora, IN 8014 1902 PB Blanche Wickard - C
Flora, IN 8014 1929 T1 Blanche Wickard - C
Green Forks, IN 7124 1902 PB Mary Hadfield - AC
Green Forks, IN 7124 1929 T1 Elizabeth J. Ward - C
La Grange, IN 4972 1882 BB Katherine R. Williams - VP
Albia, IA 1799 1902 DB Nannie M. Mabry - P
Belle Point, IA 4754 1929 T1 Laverne Clark - P Male - Melvin L. Clark
Buffalo Center, IA 5154 1902 PB Bessie McDermott - AC
Creston, IA 2833 1902 PB Grace S. Harsh - VP
Diagonal, IA 9125 1902 PB Bessie D. Ferris - AC
Fontanelle, IA 7061 1902 PB L. Bess Currie - AC
Grand River, IA 9737 1929 T1 Florence E. Madison - C
Strawberry Point, IA 9069 1902 PB Gertrude Opperman - AC
Beloit, KS 3231 1929 T1 Josie Eresch - C
Ms. Eresch was the daughter of President Peter Eresch and two of her siblings worked
at the bank as well - brother was VP and a sister was a bookkeeper
Beloit, KS 3231 1929 T2 Josie Eresch - C
Jewell, KS 3591 1902 PB Irma L. Nixon - C
Jewell, KS 3591 1929 T1 Irma L. Nixon - C
Lyndon, KS 7222 1902 PB Ada Niebart - C
Lyndon, KS 7222 1929 T1 Ada Niebart - C
Nortonville, KS 5359 1929 T2 Bessi V. Webb - C
Olathe, KS 3720 1902 PB H(olly) E. Hayes - C Male
Stafford, KS 8883 1929 T1 Alice E. Simonson - C
Cannel City, KY 7891 1929 T1 Bertha J. Leslie - C
Cannel City, KY 7891 1929 T2 Bertha J. Leslie - C
Clay, KY 8943 1902 PB Albina Hearin - VP
Belfast, ME 7586 1902 PB Alberta W. Farnham - AC
Fort Kent, ME 11403 1902 PB Irene Cyr - C
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
206
City & State Charter Series Type Officer's Name & Title Comments
Limerick, ME 2785 1902 DB Frances E. Moulton - P
Limerick, ME 2785 1902 PB Mildred B. Johnston - C
Limerick, ME 2785 1929 T1 Mildred B. Johnston - C
Medomak, ME 1108 1929 T2 Frances D. Storer - C
Van Buren, ME 10628 1902 PB Alexis A. Ceyr - C
Van Buren, ME 10628 1929 T1 Alexis A. Ceyr - C
York Village, ME 4844 1882 DB Elizabeth B. Davidson - P
York Village, ME 4844 1902 PB Elizabeth Davidson - P
Elkton, MD 1236 1882 BB E(valyn) S. Tome - P
Elkton, MD 1236 1882 BB E(valyn) S. France - P
Port Deposit, MD 1211 1882 BB E(valyn) S. Tome - P
Woburn, MA 7550 1902 PB Mary E. Godkin - AC
Escanaba, MI 3761 1902 PB Leslie French - C Male
Three Rivers, MI 600 1929 T2 (Miss) K.B. Weinberg - C
Albany, MO 7205 1929 T1 Mrs. R(ichard) L. Whaley - P Margaret
Joplin, MO 8947 1902 RS Mrs. V.F. Church - C
Joplin, MO 8947 1902 DB Tillie Muller Ade - C
Neosho, MO 6382 1902 PB Ruth M. Barrett - AC
Perryville, MO 11402 1929 T2 Mary C. Frioux - C
Purdy, MO 10122 1902 PB Mabel Fly - C
Stewartsville, MO 4160 1902 PB Nell Snow - AC
Stewartsville, MO 4160 1929 T1 Nell Snow - C
Stewartsville, MO 4160 1929 T2 Nell Snow - C
Versailles, MO 13367 1902 PB Beatrice Sherrill - C
Versailles, MO 13367 1929 T1 Beatrice Sherrill - C
Austin, MN 4131 1902 PB Alice Dee - AC
Bricelyn, MN 6478 1902 PB Amanda B. Fosness - AC Married Melvin G. Monk - 1925
Fairfax, MN 9771 1929 T1 Gertrude O. Fiss - C
Mabel, MN 9031 1902 PB A(my) T. White - VP Daughter of Betsey Tollefson - P
Mabel, MN 9031 1929 T1 Betsey Tollefson - P
Wells, MN 4669 1902 PB Grace B. Matthies - AC
Jackson, MS 6646 1902 DB Anne R. Johnston - C
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
207
City & State Charter Series Type Officer's Name & Title Comments
Grass Range, MT 10939 1902 PB W. Louise Davis - C
Hamilton, MT 9486 1902 PB Clare Conroy - AC Male
Beemer, NB 6818 1902 PB Leona Frahm - AC
Elgin, NE 5440 1902 PB Carrie McBride - P
Elgin, NE 5440 1929 T1 Carrie McBride - P
Elwood, NE 7204 1902 PB Chrystal Shallenberger - VP
Fullerton, NE 2964 1902 PB Della Fitzgerald - AC
Humphrey, NE 5337 1882 BB Bey Martin - P Male
Lexington, NE 3292 1882 DB Henrietta R. Temple - P
Lexington, NE 3292 1902 DB Jennie M. Temple - P
McCook, NE 9436 1902 PB Mrs. V(ocanses) Franklin - P
Minatare, NE 13316 1929 T2 Helen M. Littlejohn - C
Minatare, NE 13316 1929 T2 Helen M. Bauman - C
Minden, NE 9400 1929 T1 Clara S. Hines - C
Minden, NE 9400 1929 T1 Clara H. McQuillan - C
Minden, NE 9400 1929 T2 Clara H. McQuillan - C
Naper, NE 9665 1902 DB Vera F. Erickson - C
Naper, NE 9665 1902 PB Vera F. Erickson - C
Plattsmouth, NE 1914 1902 PB Anna Wanga - AC
Trenton, NE 8218 1902 RS Ethyl Hall - C
Peterborough, NH 1179 1929 T1 Fay Lewis - C Male
Farmington, NM 6183 1929 T1 H(arriet) B. Sammons - P
Farmington, NM 6183 1929 T2 H(arriet) B. Sammons - P
Hagerman, NM 7503 1902 PB Ruth Lathrop - AC
Lake Arthur, Ter.
NM 8584 1902 DB Ida Hammond - AC
Nara Vista, Ter. NM 8663 1902 DB Ruth Burns - C
Argyle, NY 13521 1929 T1 Lillian J. Johnson - C
Argyle, NY 13521 1929 T2 Lillian J. Johnson - C
Bayside, NY 7939 1902 PB M(abel) Vaughn - C
Cherry Creek, NY 10481 1902 DB N(ora) B. Lake - C
Cherry Creek, NY 10481 1929 T1 Nora B. Lake - C
East Rochester, NY 10141 1902 DB Kate Gleason - P
Granville, NY 7255 1902 PB Anna Williams - AC
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
208
City & State Charter Series Type Officer's Name & Title Comments
Groton, NY 1083 1882 BB W(elthea) M. Marsh - P
Hornell, NY 262 1929 T1 W.L. Henry - AC Ms. Henry was known as "Nellie"
Mexico, NY 5293 1882 DB Nellie T. Peck - P
Mexico, NY 5293 1929 T1 Alice K. Halligan - C
Mexico, NY 5293 1929 T2 Alice K. Halligan - C
Montour Falls, NY 13583 1929 T1 Belle P. Cornell - C
North Rose, NY 10016 1902 PB Martha A. Peck - C
North Rose, NY 10016 1929 T1 Martha A. Peck - C
Palmyra, NY 295 1882 BB H(arriot) H(yde) Sexton - VP
Perry, NY 4519 1882 BB E(liza) D(olbeer) Page - P
Roslyn, NY 13326 1929 T1 Helen A. Wood - C
Roslyn, NY 13326 1929 T2 Helen A. Wood - C
Scarsdale, NY 11708 1929 T1 Ann Burton - C
Scarsdale, NY 11708 1929 T2 Ann Burton - C
Silver Spring, NY 6148 1902 RS Addie P. Duncan - P
Silver Spring, NY 6148 1902 DB Addie Duncan Monroe - P
Waverly, NY 297 1929 T2 Louise C. Jones - C
Westfield, NY 12476 1902 PB Lucile Lichtenwalter - C
Westfield, NY 12476 1929 T1 Lucile Lichtenwalter - C
Abercrombie, ND 8419 1902 PB Alma Tiveto - C
Fingal, ND 7295 1902 DB L(aura) A. (Donohue) Batcheller - P
Lidgerwood, ND 5772 1902 PB E(lla) C. Parizek - AC
Lidgerwood, ND 5772 1902 PB M(argaret) E. Voyek - AC
Lidgerwood, ND 5772 1902 PB M(ary) O(ttillie) Movius - P
Ms. Ottillie was known as
"Lidgerwood's Grand Old
Lady"
Canfield, OH 3654 1902 PB Ethel L. Fowler - AC
Cleves, OH 13774 1929 T2 Ruth Firth - C
Galion, OH 1984 1902 PB Mary O. Volk - C
Galion, OH 1984 1929 T1 Mary O. Volk - C
Garrettsville, OH 2034 1929 T1 Marie Hewitt - C
Garrettsville, OH 2034 1929 T2 Marie Hewitt - C
La Rue, OH 6675 1902 PB Marie L. English - C
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
209
City & State Charter Series Type Officer's Name & Title Comments
Mount Washington,
OH 9761 1902 PB Edith E. Lancaster - C
Seven Mile, OH 9518 1902 PB Anna K. Bell - AC
Utica, OH 7596 1929 T1 C(ora) B. Clark - P
Altus, OK 6113 1929 T1 Mrs. J.A. Henry - P (Mary Elda Cobb)
Anadarko, OK 5905 1929 T1 G(ertrude) M(yers) Cox - P
aka Mrs. I.E. Cox who
succeeded husband I(raton)
E(veret) Cox in Oct. 1917
Anadarko, OK 5905 1929 T2 G.M. Cox - P
Beggs, OK 6868 1902 PB Iva M. Reading - C
Beggs, OK 6868 1902 PB Grace M. Watson - C
Coweta, OK 6879 1902 PB Lesse Vernon - C
Coyle, OK 12148 1902 PB Nora M. Fruin - C
Coyle, OK 12148 1902 PB Carlotta M. Fruin - C
Coyle, OK 12148 1929 T1 Carlotta M. Fruin - C
Foraker, OK 10356 1902 PB Selma J. Codding - C
Klamath Falls, OR 7167 1902 PB Leslie Rogers - C Male
Klamath Falls, OR 7167 1929 T1 Leslie Rogers - C Male
Klamath Falls, OR 7167 1929 T2 Leslie Rogers - C Male
Luther, OK 8563 1929 T2 Gladys Bednar Hickok - C Daughter of the bank president
Medford, OK 5796 1882 DB Luella F. Stewart - VP
Pond Creek, Ter. OK 6655 1902 RS Naomi Wheatley - AC
Monmouth, OR 10071 1902 PB Emma M. Parker - AC
Prairie City, OR 9763 1902 PB Patsy Daly - P Male
Prairie City, OR 9763 1929 T1 Patsy Daly - P Male
Prairie City, OR 9763 1902 PB D(onald) J. Hughes - C Male
A male, not "Miss D.E. Hughes" who is listed incorrectly as VP on page 158 of
Oregon National Currency Images, Signatures, Statistics by Jim Mallard
Prairie City, OR 9763 1929 T1 D.J. Hughes - C
Sheridan, OR 8721 1902 DB Zella Cox - C
Silverton, OR 11106 1929 T1 Olga Alrick - C
Atglen, PA 7056 1902 PB Louise L. Hastings - AC
Atglen, PA 7056 1902 PB Louise L. Hastings - C
Atglen, PA 7056 1929 T1 Louise L. Hastings - C
Atglen, PA 7056 1929 T2 Louise L. Hastings - C
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
210
City & State Charter Series Type Officer's Name & Title Comments
Mechanicsburg, PA 326 1902 PB Ruth M. Heffelfinger - AC
New Alexandria, PA 6580 1902 DB Doty Guthrie - P Male
New Alexandria, PA 6580 1902 PB Doty Guthrie - P Male
New Alexandria, PA 6580 1929 T1 Nora J. Dornon - C
Williamsburg, PA 6971 1929 T1 Alice F. Dietrick - C
Providence, RI 1007 1902 PB Shirley Harrington - C Male
Providence, RI 1007 1929 T1 Shirley Harrington - C Male
Bartlett, TX 7317 1929 T2 Mary A. Bartlett
Brownwood, TX 9812 1902 DB Mrs. S(amueld R(ichardson) Coggin - P
Deport, TX 6430 1902 PB Mrs. J(ohn) H(enry) Moore - P
Mrs. Moore became
president upon her
husband?s death
Deport, TX 6430 1929 T1 Mrs. J.H. Moore - P
Gregory, TX 10241 1902 PB May M(athis) Green Watson - P
Gregory, TX 10241 1929 T1 May M(athis) Green Watson - P
Haskell, TX 4474 1929 T1 Mrs. M(arshall) S(amuel) Pierson - P nee Margaret Nancy Rice
Haskell, TX 4474 1929 T2 Mrs. M.S. Pierson - P
Mrs. Pierson became
president upon her
husband?s death
Haskell, TX 14149 1929 T2 Mrs. M.S. Pierson - P
Jacksboro, TX 7814 1902 DB Ellie Mither - C
Marlin, TX 5606 1929 T1 Mrs. Emma Reed - P
Mount Pleasant, TX 4722 1882 BB Mrs. Jno. R Towler - P Annie McLean Towler
Valley View, TX 7731 1902 PB Della Walker - C
Winnsboro, TX 5674 1902 PB Pearl James - AC
Poultney, VT 2545 1902 PB Adeline L. Nieframe - AC
Waco, TX 11140 1902 PB Mrs. C(harles) P(ennell) Adams - P
Wolfe City, TX 3984 1882 BB Ula Bush - C Male
Woodstock, VT 1133 1929 T1 Helen H. Saul - C
Woodstock, VT 1133 1929 T2 Helen H. Saul - C
Pearisburg, VA 8091 1929 T1 Frances E. Miller - C
Kent, WA 10174 1902 PB Annie F. Morrill - P
Chilton, WI 5933 1902 PB M.C(ecilia) Bosshard - C
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
211
City & State Charter Series Type Officer's Name & Title Comments
Chilton, WI 5933 1929 T1 M.C. Bosshard - C
Meeteetse, WY 6340 1902 PB Sarah L. Hogg - VP
Image courtesy of
Heritage Auctions
Archive
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
212
U N C O U P L E D :
PAPER MONEY?S
ODD COUPLE
Joseph E. Boling Fred Schwan
Fancy Numbers
Fred is showing MPCs with fancy serials this month.
Back in the days when I was a Japan specialist, I picked
up a couple of fancy number notes as well.
All Festers and many YNs and former YNs know that
my magic number is 8. That number has been associated
with me in many ways through my life. The last two digits
of my SSAN are 88. My first assignment in the Army was
to the 8th Infantry Division in Germany. My third
assignment was to the 88th Supply and Service Battalion
in Vietnam. My original IBNS member number was 808.
My original ANA member number was 80803. All of
those were coincidence. I subsequently became life
members #8 and #2888 of IBNS and ANA. Those were
intentional. And, as additional opportunities have arisen,
I have accumulated lots of 8s in my life member numbers
for SPMC (388), Numismatics International (188), Seattle
Numismatic Society (8), and probably a couple more that
I am not remembering.
So, when Fred roped me into collecting MPC by
position number, he did it by selling me 4-5 cheap MPC
(with a 100% discount), all from position 8. I am now the
only collector known to have completed the conventional
set of MPC all from one position. Fortunately for me, no
position 8 notes have appeared from the two unissued
series. We have only whatever Mr. 691 managed to spirit
out of the destruction facility, and the crates with that
number in them did not happen to fall within his grasp.
As I said at the top, I also managed to pick up some
Japanese notes with 8s as serial numbers. As a Japan
specialist, looking for 8s was both a blessing and a curse.
The numeral 8 is a lucky number in the orient, so notes
with solid 8s are much sought after. This causes them to
be noticed and saved, but also causes them to be
expensive.
It also causes fakers to alter notes to have solid 8
numbers. I have seen some of those but have not been able
to acquire one. Solid 8s are also used on hell
See Boling pg 215
Fancy Numbers
Paper money collectors love numbers. Serial
numbers in particular of course, but some others too. I
cannot prove that military payment certificate (MPC)
collectors are more keen than all others, but in general
they are more interested than most! The most popular
numbers in silver certificates, FRNs, and the like are
certainly the favorites among MPC collectors too. They
all love low numbers (think of Joe and his eights).
Ladders, solids, palindromes, and others are very popular.
The trouble is that it is extremely hard to have a
collection of these because they are so terribly rare. In the
MPC world only one each serial number 1, 2, and 3 (a
replacement) are known. Not only are there no numbers 4
or 5, but there is also no number 8! Just to add a twist,
most of these numbers exist in the unissued Series 691
and possibly Series 701. Another interesting twist is that
the serial number 18 is on an otherwise rare replacement
(Series 651 $10).
Low number on a rare replacement
Solid 1s
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
213
If nothing else, MPC collectors are resourceful. If we
cannot find traditional fancy numbers, we will collect near
fancies and even numbers that are just cute. One solid is
known, but several ?near solids,? that is seven (or six) of
one numeral. One of the near solids is eights?Series 692
10 cents E08888888E!
One eight-digit ladder is known and several partials.
The real innovations came when MPC collectors
could not find enough near fancies; MPC collectors have
gotten very creative. They like MPC with the last three
digits of the serial matching the series number. Basically,
one in one thousand notes searched should yield one
match. That seems about right. These matches are not rare
or even extremely scarce. We are also interested in serial
numbers ending in the series AND denomination, such as
Dxxx10481D for either a Series 481 $10 or 10 cents. To
make it easier Dxxx48110D is equally acceptable. For
that matter D10481xxxD would probably be eagerly
added to a collection. The problem is that no series plus
denomination pieces have been reported!
Doug Bell recently found a certificate with serial
number E04301937E. Now that is a number that would
certainly be passed by silver
certificate collectors. Doug
jumped on it. Why? It is the
date that General Douglas
MacArthur was married: April
30, 1937. Was that the reason
or was it because April 30,
1937 was the date that
women?s suffrage was passed
in the Philippines? Both of
these historical facts are true,
but the reason that Doug
grabbed the note was that the number was a date, any date.
If you can find a date, you can find a historical event. That
is what happened here. It seems like such numbers should
be easily found, but they are not. This date note and the
wedding picture were the subject of an April Fools prank
published in the MPCGram.
McArthur wedding photo
Near solid 8?s
The only issued full ladder known.
Matching serial numbers
Radar
serial
The only issued number 1, courtesy of Logan Talks
McArthur wedding date serial.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
214
If fancies are not enough, you can compound the
?problem.? Joe told you that he collects MPC by position
number! He has completed his number 8 set! That is quite
an achievement. Think about it, there are 84 fractional
notes to a sheet. A collection consists of 48 fractional
notes. How many notes do you have to search and for how
long to find them all from position 8? Joe is not the only
position collector. Larry Smulczenski is down to one note
for his position 39 set! Jack Hunter is far advanced on his
number 21 set and there are others.
As with many things, it is easier for a team to
accomplish than for an individual. These position
collectors know which collectors are collecting which
numbers and watch for them while they search for their
own.
I have given up on my number 1 set, but I still work
a bit on my special variation?I collect MPC with the
position number matching the denomination. These notes
look great. The position number looks like another
counter on the note.
There are even harder tasks, much harder. Doug Bell
decided to compound the project. He collected all 90 of
the regular issues by position number! Think about that.
Just for the fractional denominations that is 48 certificates
by 84 positions (heck, I find 84 x 48 a rather pleasing
number). That is 4032 fractionals. Eventually Doug gave
up, but he ?completed? several series.
Harold Kroll attempted what must be the hardest
ever collection. He set out to collect the highest serial
number known (observed or reported) for each of the 90
issued pieces. The obvious problem with that is that it is
a moving target! While Harold gave up on the overall
project, collectors are looking for the highest serial
numbers. The closest that I have heard is 33 from the end.
The survey that I have been conducting of MPC
replacements (for more than 40 years) is a kind of serial
number collecting. I had not thought of that in this way
until this moment. It has been a very successful endeavor,
but I, as Doug and Harold above, am overwhelmed with
data. We have about 4500 numbers and all but one of the
issues found. Amazingly, there is even a twist here. A
fellow ran a competing survey! Rather than report new
finds to the published survey (mine), he ran a survey of
replacements that were not known to Schwan!
MPC collectors collect far more than actual military
payment certificates. Allied military currency and some
others are often called MPC by collectors and
noncollectors alike. Other things are gathered with MPC
under the broader category of military numismatics. I had
intended to discuss fancy numbers in these categories, but
I more than took my space (and used up my energy) with
military payment certificates. Next time we will do the
other fancies. If you have anything to share, now is your
chance. fredschwan@yahoo.com
Boling continued
money and trade coupons that borrow designs from
circulating notes; the printers of the coupons elect to put
dummy serials on their products, saying (naturally)
88888.
It has also happened to me on invoices. I collect notes
of places I have lived. One of those was Englewood,
Colorado (at age 4). The most reliable way to collect a
biographical note in the US is to look for National
Currency. Englewood notes are not easy to find. When I
finally did manage to buy one, the total bill (hammer,
buyer?s fee, and shipping) came to exactly $888.
As I was starting to collect my position 8 notes, I told
Fred I wanted to get a replacement as a representative of
how they are indicated (no suffix letter in the serial
number). He found one from position 8, and wonder of
wonders, his invoice was $88. That isn?t a bad price for a
nice MPC replacement, but it looked like a set-up to me.
So here are a few 8s. Figure 1 (below) is a Japanese 5
yen note with serial number 000008?and it happens to
be from block 88. I found that in a Tokyo dealer?s stock.
A Japanese 1000 yen note is shown below, also with serial
number 000008. It came from a Yokohama auction.
Below is a Philippine 10 piso note with solid 8s.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
215
A Japanese small saver?s bond from the Sino-Japanese
war period (before Pearl Harbor), with serial 088888 is
show below. It came from eBay.
The two notes shown below are US and Jersey notes,
each with serial 888.
Moving off the beaten track, a Saudi Arabian note also
with solid 8s?in a different script?is shown below.
Below is a piece of depression scrip with serial 0008.
The Federal Reserve Bank of China specimen book
shown below has serial number 0000008. I have many
more examples of serial numbers composed of 8s.
Moving away from single magic numerals, what else
makes a fancy number? Below are a Cayman Islands note
with a serial number of my birth year, and a Bermuda note
with my original IBNS member number as a serial?808.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
216
For many collectors, replacement notes are a special
interest, and replacements usually have some aspect of
their serial number that identifies them. I already
mentioned what it is for MPC?no suffix letter.
Obviously that does not make a conventional fancy
number, but it does add value in most cases, so it is
something that a faker would be inclined to try to create.
In the case of MPC, it simply means removing a character,
which is easier than adding or altering one. Here is such a
case. Shown below is a proper MPC replacement (that
happens to be from my position 8 collection). Note the
lack of an F concluding the serial number.
A doctored MPC with its terminal letter removed by
abrasion and re-coloring the bare paper is shown below.
That note on a light box, as you can see below, shows how
the paper was thinned when the letter was scraped off.
The faker tried to color over
the bare spot?not terribly
convincingly as seen at left.
Fred owns one much more
skillfully altered. But even if
you don?t have
magnification capability in
hand, you can check the
serial number. The last serial for Series 651 $1
replacements is A00560000. The serial on this note far
exceeds that.
A Series 641 dime with an extra character (looking
like a sans-serif ?I?) following the serial number rests
below. Who knows what the maker thought this could
represent?
To show that the added character is not original, the image
below shows it at 20x magnification. It was applied with
a lead pencil, deeply embossing the note out the other
side. But at 20x magnification, its true nature is revealed.
The graphite is reflecting the light from the USB
microscope?s LED bulbs back into the camera. It is plain
that the added character does not look anything like a
legitimate printed letter.
Looking at another way that a number can be misused,
consider the case of a counterfeiter who does not
understand the function of the position numbers on MPC
(they show where the note was on the sheet before the
sheet was cut up), and furthermore, does not know how
many notes should have been on the sheet. In such a case,
the position number used on the counterfeit may be higher
than the number of notes on a sheet?a sure sign of a
bogus note. I believe I have one buried in my
unaccessioned materials, but I don?t know where to start
looking for it to show you.
Next time? Make a suggestion. joeboling@aol.com
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
217
The Obsolete Corner
The Mount Hecla Steam Mills
by Robert Gill
As I write this article the world is on the
verge of war, with things being in turmoil because
of one country attempting to take over another. By
the time you're reading it, who knows what will be
happening. At least we can try to temporarily forget
about what's going on by enjoying our great hobby.
So, let's look at the sheet from my collection that
I've chosen to share with you.
In this issue of Paper Money let's go to the
1830s North Carolina and look at The Mount Hecla
Steam Mills. As you look at the scan you can see
that the printing plate was laid out in an unusual
format, that being just three notes instead of the
most common two note or four note layout. And to
add to its unusualness, the printer used four note
sized paper, resulting in very large selvage on top
and bottom of the sheet. Although the Company
name is not listed on the notes, the eventual owner's
name, T.R. Tate, is, giving correct attribution to the
notes. So now, let's look at the history of this
enterprise that was so essential to its part of the
country.
Commencing its operations in
Greensborough, Guilford County, North Carolina, in
1833, The Mount Hecla Steam [Cotton] Mills is
recognized as the first textile factory in North
Carolina to employ steam power. Founded by
Henry Humphreys, an unsung trailblazer for the
southern textile industry, this Company was located
on the Northwest corner of Bellemeade and
Battleground, now North Greene Street.
Uncovered evidence has been found that
Humphreys? interest in manufacturing began earlier
than Guilford County records indicate. First built in
1818, Humphrey?s Mount Hecla Mill had two
distinct periods of operation. The first was from
about 1818 to about 1825, and a second and more
prosperous period after 1830, when plans were made
for the use of steam power.
The original mill was built on a stream
outside Greensborough, and employed the
waterpower of a dam that Humphreys had earlier
constructed to operate a gristmill. The first frame
structure apparently excited little interest in the
1820s, for it was listed in a newspaper article as
merely ?one of the four mills in the state.? But from
this humble start, the second largest mill in ante-
bellum North Carolina soon developed.
Designing and building North Carolina?s
first purpose-built, completely integrated cotton mill
was a visionary quest for Humphreys, and one that
would require most of his time and capital to
accomplish. It appears that he began in 1828 to free
up his time and money by selling his successful
mercantile operations. The next order of business
would have been to acquire machinery, which was
built to order, and might take many months to be
delivered. Humphreys somehow developed a
relationship with Rogers, Ketcham and Grosvenor,
one of the earliest American textile machinery
manufacturers, headquartered in Paterson, New
Jersey. His original machinery purchases are
unknown, but an inventory of the contents of the
factory in 1840, shows that it included all the
equipment needed for ?vertically integrated? textile
manufacturing; that is, ?from bale [of cotton] to bolt
[of cloth]?.
While the production machinery would
have been extraordinarily ?high-tech? to local
residents, undoubtedly the star of the collection was
the steam engine that was designed to power the
entire operation. Using the first steam engine in the
county, and what may have been the first in North
Carolina, as the factory?s prime mover was a central
aspect of Humphreys? vision to bring the factory to
Greensborough, a county seat without a major
watercourse. Steam power was so unusual that it
suggested the name of the entire operation.
If the engine was the beating heart of the
factory, a transmission system of iron shafts, pulleys
and leather belts was the circulatory system that
transferred that power to each machine. A massive
brick and stone building housed the framework
needed to anchor and shelter it all. A four-story,
fifty foot wide by one hundred fifty-foot-long brick
building, with attic and basement, was built. Space
for future expansion was built in. Though just
twenty-one spinning frames with two thousand
ninety-six spindles operated in 1840, the building
was designed to accommodate eight thousand five
hundred spindles, or seventy-one spinning frames.
The imposing factory was probably the largest
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
219
structure in Greensborough at the time, yet it was
just one element of a sixteen-acre operation. The
campus also included stables, lumber houses, and
houses for operatives.
After years of design, construction, training
and practice, the risky and costly venture finally
went into operation and was declared a winner. On
June 30th, 1834, Humphreys proudly announced in
the local newspaper, The Greensborough Patriot:
The factory was a source of both public
pride and consuming curiosity in the Greensborough
community. When the mill was first opened, the
yarns were so popular that people from the
surrounding area camped all-round the factory,
waiting for the yarns to come off the machinery.
Much of its success was attributed to the novel, yet
vital steam engine, which guaranteed constant
reliable operation, while water-powered mills
generally shut down for at least a month each
summer due to drought.
Company scrip was issued and used by mill
employees, and, as described in the Arnett-Jackson
book, Greensboro, North Carolina: The County
Seat of Guilford, ?was readily accepted as currency
by all in the community.?
Henry Humphreys enjoyed the success of his creation
for less than ten years before he died on March 26th,
1840. The circumstances of his death are unknown,
but he made a will that attempted to provide security
for his children. Humphreys left his property equally
divided among his three children, Absalom, Sarah, and
Nancy. He made his ?highly esteemed and well-
beloved son-in-law, Thomas R. Tate, in whose
prudence and honest I have unbounded confidence?,
the executor of his will, giving him also the
?superintendence and management of the cotton
factory and its operations?, at an annual salary of
$1,000.00.
The mill continued to have good success, and in
February of 1848, Tate took complete control when he
purchased the factory with all its outbuildings, shops
and machinery, together with the housing and
associated land, for the sum of $15,845.00. Later that
same year, he moved The Mount Hecla operation to a
site next to the Catawba River in Gaston County.
There, under the new name of Mountain Island
Manufacturing, the Company continued its production.
So there's the history behind this old operation
that made developments in the textile industry,
resulting in helping to develop this great nation of ours.
As I always do, I invite any comments to my
personal email address robertdalegill@gmail.com or
my cell number (580) 221-0898.
So, until next time, HAPPY COLLECTING.
?The subscriber takes unfeigned pleasure in announcing
to the public, that his splendid STEAM COTTON
FACTORY is now in the full tide of successful operation; and
that whether factories of this description can now be
advantageously carried on in the South is no longer a matter
of doubt. It has long been disputed, and not until recently
given up, that an individual enterprise of the kind could
succeed; but he is now making from twelve to 1,500
POUNDS of spun cotton per week? He expects to put an
additional quantity of machinery in operation during the
month of August, when he will be able to turn out THREE
THOUSAND POUNDS PER WEEK.?
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
220
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
221
Robert Calderman
?Replacement?National?Spotted?in?Dallas!??
Spring began in style this year with a brand new
tradition in Dallas Texas! A very select group of elite
collectors met for the first annual National Bank Note
Collectors Conference hosted by Heritage Auctions. I
attended the early April gathering and can say first-
hand, ?This is an event you must attend if you are a
true fan of national bank notes!? Diehard collectors
carved time out of their demanding schedules to
spend a couple of days exhibiting extraordinary pieces
from their unbelievable collections! Many from the
group gave impromptu presentations discussing the
origin story of their collecting career and ongoing
collecting goals, while passing around jaw dropping
rarities in a show-and-tell style roundtable. It was an
intense and awe inspiring experience hearing stories
detailing the lifelong pursuits and accomplishments
that were achieved by my fellow collecting brethren.
The journey we take as individuals can be so vastly
different while in the same instance, as collectors, our
goals are so strikingly similar. The Monday/Tuesday
event was further highlighted by a VIP behind the
scenes tour of the new and massive Heritage HQ
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
222
facility! With over five hundred employees and over
two-hundred-and-fifty thousand square feet, it was
like stepping into a collectors dream akin to the
magical world of Narnia! Our group was treated like
royalty with two days of superb catered lunches and
an evening steak house dinner that would?ve
impressed the likes of James Bond himself!
The first annual National Bank Note event was
capped off by an exclusive opportunity to see a
prototype preview of the not yet printed Central States
Auction Catalog, including a chance to lot view all of
the notes from the upcoming sale! It was a much more
relaxed and enjoyable atmosphere lot viewing in style
without the added pressure and time constraints of a
hustle bustle coin show. My want list expanded
significantly once I?d held such a large portion of the
treasures that will be hitting the auction block here in
the near future. If this vividly accurate description
sounds like something you?d enjoy, make plans to
attend next year?s NBN event tentatively scheduled
for April 2023.
One of my newest and favorite national bank notes
featured on display in Dallas, from my personal
collection exhibit, was this impressive large size 1902
$5 Date Back on The Crocker National Bank of San
Francisco. At first glance, this rather common second
title note doesn?t appear to be a life changing trophy
example. Charter #3555 was a large only bank that
issued millions of notes and nearly 500,000 five dollar
date backs alone! This note featuring treasury serial
number T71984 and bank serial number 24820 with
stamped signatures of Cashier W. Gregg Jr. and
President William Henry Crocker clearly has treasure
written all over it. Only the most advanced National
Bank Note students will likely hold the skills required
to cherry pick a note like this. It just so happens that
this is exactly what took place when this San
Francisco note sold at auction back in 2016 for a
miniscule $129.25! Then housed in a PCGS-Currency
VF30 Apparent holder the future of this note seemed
very dim. Fortunately an eagle eyed sleuth picked
this note and subsequently sent it in to PMG for
proper attribution. Now it lives a new life as a
glorious and ever so scarce Large Size Replacement
National Bank Note!!! It was a lucky day for this
collector when such a cool note was offered to me at
the recent Spring ANA National Money Show in
Colorado Springs! Sorry, but this note is now
unavailable and deeply buried in my California
collection; you will have to go and hunt for your own
example my friends.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
223
Do you have a great Cherry Pick story that you?d like to
share? Your note might be featured here in a future article
and you can remain anonymous if desired! Email scans of
your note with a brief description of what you paid and
where it was found to: gacoins@earthlink.net
?News Flash! ? This Just In??
If you cannot wait until next year to break bread
with your fellow paper money enthusiasts, there is
another brand new event on the horizon that is rapidly
sending an audible buzz across bourse floors
throughout the country! If you can believe it, the last
all paper money show was held way back in June
2019. For many of us, the truly dedicated collectors,
our annual paper money show is unquestionably the
ultimate highlight of our collecting year! With such a
lengthy hiatus, it has been absolutely excruciating
having nothing scheduled on the horizon to scratch
our itch! Thankfully a bold and adventurous man
from Texas has risen to the occasion to save us!!! I
am proud to announce it is finally official; Jim
Fitzgerald has an upcoming all paper money show
scheduled October 20th-22nd 2022 in Tampa Florida!
If you crave more paper and the joyous camaraderie
of hunting notes with your fellow collectors, book
your trip immediately! There will be no better place to
be this fall than in Tampa! I for one have already
reserved four tables! Don?t miss out; get your tables
booked ASAP before they are all gone.
For More Information:
? Large Size Replacement National Bank
Notes, 1903 - 1920? R.? Shawn? Hewitt
(Presentation can be found on: www.spmc.org)
? National Bank Note Conference Photos courtesy
Heritage Auctions. Visit: www.ha.com
224
The front of the Type-40 Treasury note endorsed by Benjamin Bloomfield, Chief Quartermaster.
image: Randall Smith
Maj. Benjamin Bloomfield
Chief Quartermaster, District of Texas
The endorsement of Maj. Benjamin
Bloomfield can be found with some perseverance
(rarity R11), and with only one known exception, it is
always endorsed with the place of issue at Houston,
Texas. Although we encounter Bloomfield most often
as the Chief Quartermaster for the District of Texas,
New Mexico, and Arizona, he began his career in the
eastern theater of the war where he reported to Gen?l
John Bankhead Magruder in the Department of the
Peninsula. Magruder and Bloomfield were later
reassigned to Texas. A Wikipedia article on
Magruder gives some context for Bloomfield?s
history: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Magruder.
Bloomfield is important not only for his
contributions to Texas but because he literally wrote
the manual for quartermasters. This rare manual can
be found online and it is a goldmine of information
about the duties of a quartermaster. The title page and
index is illustrated to show the variety of these duties.
The illustrated treasury note was endorsed in
April of 1863 when Bloomfield was assigned to
Houston. The endorsement reads:
?Houston Texas
April 3/ 1863 by
B Bloomfield
Maj &c?
The Quartermaster Column No. 24
by Michael McNeil
The endorsement of Benjamin Bloomfield, Maj. &c.
The term ?&c? is commonly used in these
endorsements to mean ?and et cetera,? which in this
case would include ?Chief QM.? The blue ink is rare.
image: Randall Smith
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
225
1861 There are 145 documents in
Bloomfield?s file in the National Archives on the
Fold3.com website. Benjamin Bloomfield was
appointed on April 27th as Capt. & AQM reporting to
the 2nd Louisiana Regiment. On December 24th
Bloomfield was appointed as Maj. & QM reporting to
Gen?l J. B. Magruder. Bloomfield initially served in
Virginia with Gen?l Magruder, and at one point
served under the command of Robert E. Lee.
Bloomfield was stationed at Yorktown, Virgina, for
the last half of 1861, and his audited balance sheet at
that location showed cash flows of $696,130.74. He
sometimes signed vouchers as ?Chief Quartermaster
of the Peninsula.?
1862 During the Seven Days Battle of
June 25th to July 1st, Gen?l Magruder mentioned
Bloomfield as the Chief QM of his Corps, Army of
Northern Virginia. On July 16th Gen?l Magruder filed
a report with Adj. & Inspector Gen?l S. Cooper in
Richmond, Virginia, in which he wrote:
I cannot express too strongly my estimate of the
services by my Chief Qr Mr Major Bloomfield.
Soon after he took charge he introduced order,
promptness and economy in the management of
his department, the scarcity of supplies and
materials was so great as to make it impossible to
expect them, the Genius, Energy and
extraordinary industry of Major Bloomfield,
however, overcame all obstacles and enabled the
Army of the Peninsula to move, to march and to
fight with the regularity of a machine. This
statement is made in justice to Major B.
Bloomfield who is absent on account of sickness
at the time that I write.
After the Seven Days Battle Bloomfield followed
Magruder to Houston, Texas, when Magruder was
given command of that district on November 29th. It
is from Bloomfield?s post in Houston that we find
treasury notes with his endorsement.
1863 In September of 1863 Bloomfield
relieved Maj. Minter of duty at San Antonio, Texas.
Bloomfield was sent on a special assignment by
Gen?l Magruder in October of 1863, in which he was
engaged in expediting the sale of cotton. Bloomfield
was a careful businessman and spotted ambiguities in
military contracts which would lead to civilian graft.
Here is his letter of November 5th to Lt. S. D. Yancy,
A. A. Gen?l in Houston:
Permit me respectfully to call your attention to
the ambiguity of Special Order No 289 & the
construction [interpretation] that may be placed
upon it. As I understood the contract with Major
Russell and Mr. Lavenburg ? Mr. Lavenburg was
to transport (2000) Two thousand bales of cotton
for a/c [account] of Major Russell on behalf of the
Govt. As the order now reads it gives clearly the
privilege to Mr. Lavenburg to transport & export
two thousand (2000) bales of cotton for his own
a/c and from his antecedents [past behavior] I
should judge he will be the man to avail himself
of the interpretation to transport (2000) Two
Thousand bales for himself in addition to the
number required by Major Russell.
The previous Quartermaster Column featured Edward
C. Wharton, a quartermaster who reported to
Bloomfield, and who complained bitterly about
civilian graft and corruption. With this letter from
Bloomfield we see a concrete example.
1864 Bloomfield was paid $162 per month
as a Major and Chief Quartermaster on June 3rd. To
put this pay into perspective, women signers of
Treasury notes in Columbia, South Carolina, were
paid $250 per month for signing 2,000 Treasury notes
per day, significantly more than an army Major.
Some of this discrepancy in pay is probably
explained by local costs of living. A letter of March
1st from Bloomfield stated that quarters in the city of
Houston were difficult to obtain ?according to the
high prices now prevailing,? and that ?...quarters
cannot be obtained at less than twenty dollars per
month for each room in Houston.? The Treasury note
signers in Columbia, by comparison, faced hotel
room rates of $80 per day, or eight times their daily
salary; they were housed in dormitories.
1865 The ultimate fate of Bloomfield is
unknown and there are no records of his surrender or
parole in 1865.
? Carpe diem
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
226
An endorsement by Bloomfield on a document in which he signed as ?Major & Chief Qr
master.? image: Fold3.com
Benjamin Bloomfield literally wrote the manual for quartermasters. The index illustrated at the right lists the complex duties
of a quartermaster. Quarterly reports were submitted to the Quartermaster General?s Office in Richmond, and the forms for
those reports are shown in this manual. In practice the quartermasters did not have printed copies of these forms, but they
were carefully drawn to imitate the forms shown in the manual. Even Bloomfield?s quarterly returns show these hand-drawn
forms. images: licensed in the Public Domain
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
227
Chump Change
Loren Gatch
Book Note
Roger Lowenstein, Ways and Means: Lincoln and his Cabinet and the Financing of the Civil War
(New York: Penguin Press, 2022).
Behind every single piece of currency are the stories of all the people who ever used it. Likewise, behind every
type of currency are origin stories of those historical junctures that gave rise to new forms of paper money.
Roger Lowenstein?s Ways and Means provides a very accessible account of how America?s experiment with legal
tender paper money, the ?Greenback?, came about. While not a numismatic book in any sense, Ways and Means
sketches out the financial and monetary measures undertaken, particularly by the Union government, to underwrite the
deadliest war ever fought by the United States.
To defend the Union, Lincoln and his Administration needed to mobilize the nation?s resources on an
unprecedented scale. This had to be done in three ways: raising taxes, borrowing money, or printing money. None of
these three things the government had much practice in doing. Up until then, the national government was tiny, and its
capacity to do such things was minimal.
Key to Lincoln?s attempt to finance the Civil War was his Treasury Secretary, Salmon Portland Chase, the most
important figure to hold that office since Alexander Hamilton. Secretary Chase was a complicated man: capable and
moral, but also ambitious, and somewhat devious, especially when it came to his rivalry with Lincoln, whom he sought
to replace as President with himself! Lincoln valued Chase for his administrative abilities, but kept his rival close,
outmaneuvering him when he had to.
Chase was not a fan of government paper money, but circumstances forced his hand. War bonds proved hard to
float. Desperate for something to pay the soldiers and their suppliers, Chase issued the first $50m of a new instrument
in July of 1861, called ?Demand Notes? because holders could redeem them for gold coin on demand.
When these ran out, Congress voted to issue a second batch in February 1862. These, called ?United States
Notes?, were really the first Greenbacks ever issued. Unlike Demand Notes, they were made a legal tender and weren?t
redeemable in gold. More followed. By the end of the Civil War, some 450 million dollars? worth of this new currency
was issued. Greenbacks ended up financing about 15% of the war effort. The rest came from taxes and borrowing.
Greenbacks were a controversial and imperfect monetary instrument. Wartime inflation was severe, but hardly as
bad as what afflicted the South. The Greenback?s value fell steeply against gold during the Civil War, moving up and
down depending on how well the conflict was going for the Union. Nonetheless, they did the job. On the back of the
notes are important clues as to what made Greenbacks work. The new notes were legal tender for all debts, public and
private. But there were three crucial twists to their legal status.
First, duties on imports into the United States had to be paid in gold coin?Greenbacks couldn?t be used to do
this. This assured the government a fresh supply of specie flowing into public coffers.
Second, Greenbacks couldn?t be used to pay interest on the public debt?that had to be paid in gold coin too. This
backstopped the value of that debt, as long as investors had some confidence that the Union government would be
around to pay it back at some point.
Finally, Greenbacks ?were receivable in payment of all loans made to the United States.? This meant that the
government was willing to borrow back the same Greenbacks that it was printing and spending. And indeed, it was
willing to pay gold coin on the interest. So, for whatever reason, anyone wishing not to hold (depreciated) Greenbacks
could always trade them in for bonds that paid regular interest in (appreciated) gold coin.
The result, as Lowenstein suggests, was ?an alchemy machine, a device for turning paper into specie.?
At the end of the War, questions of law and financial propriety came to the fore. Even if Greenbacks were
necessary to win the war, should they be continued in peacetime? By 1864, Lincoln had dealt with his troublesome
rival by making Salmon P. Chase Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. There, he was in a position to pass legal
judgment on the very currency that he brought into existence. And, remarkably, Chase the jurist opposed as
unconstitutional the very money he had created (and had put his own portrait on) as Treasury Secretary! In the case of
Hepburn v. Griswold from 1870, Chase disowned his own monetary progeny. Briefly, it seemed, legal tender paper
currency might be made illegal. But, thanks to appointments by President Ulysses S. Grant of two pro-Greenback
judges, that decision was reversed the following year. The Greenback was here to stay.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * May/June 2022 * Whole Number 339
228
OUR MEMBERS SPECIALIZE IN
NATIONAL CURRENCY
They also specialize in Large Size Type Notes, Small Size Currency,
Obsolete Currency, Colonial and Continental Currency, Fractionals,
Error Notes, MPC?s, Confederate Currency, Encased Postage,
Stocks and Bonds, Autographs and Documents, World Paper Money . . .
and numerous other areas.
THE PROFESSIONAL CURRENCY DEALERS ASSOCIATION
is the leading organization of OVER 100 DEALERS in Currency,
Stocks and Bonds, Fiscal Documents and related paper items.
PCDA
To be assured of knowledgeable, professional, and ethical dealings
when buying or selling currency, look for dealers who
proudly display the PCDA emblem.
For further information, please contact:
The Professional Currency Dealers Association
PCDA
? Holds its annual National Currency Convention in conjunction with the Central States Numis-
matic Society?s anniversary convention. Please visit our Web Site pcda.com for dates and location.
? Encourages public awareness and education regarding the hobby of Paper Money Collecting.
? Sponsors the John Hickman National Currency Exhibit Award each June at the International Paper
Money Show, as well as Paper Money classes and scholarships at the A.N.A.?s Summer Seminar series.
? Publishes several ?How to Collect? booklets regarding currency and related paper items. Availability
of these booklets can be found on our Web Site.
? Is a proud supporter of the Society of Paper Money Collectors.
Or Visit Our Web Site At: www.pcda.com
James A. Simek ? Secretary
P.O. Box 7157 ? Westchester, IL 60154
(630) 889-8207 ? email: nge3@comcast.net
Heritage Numismatic Auctions, Inc. LSM0818768, Paul Minshull LSM0605473. BP 20%; see HA.com. 63441
DALLAS | NEW YORK | BEVERLY HILLS | CHICAGO | PALM BEACH
LONDON | PARIS | GENEVA | BRUSSELS | AMSTERDAM | HONG KONG
Always Accepting Quality Consignments in 40+ Categories
Immediate Cash Advances Available
1.5 Million+ Online Bidder-Members
To consign alongside these rarities, contact a Heritage Consignment Director today.
800-872-6467, Ext. 1001 or Currency@HA.com
Fr. 2230-E $10,000
1928 Federal Reserve Note
Fr. 2220-F $5,000
1928 Federal Reserve Note
Now Accepting Consignments to Our Official
Long Beach Signature? Auction
U.S. CURRENCY SIGNATURE? AUCTION
Long Beach | October 5-7
Tweet