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Table of Contents
Plate Letters on Large Size NBNs--Peter Huntoon]
How the 1914 FRN Serial #1 Red Seals were Saved--Lee Lofthus
High Serial Discovery--Peter Huntoon
The Fate of Baugh's Cotton Mill in Alabama--Bill Gunther & Charles Derby
4th Issue Treasury Seal Plate Proof Sheets--Jerry Fochtman & Rick Melamed
Neither Chit Nor Chizzler--Terry Bryan
Altered 4th Printing Chemicograph Back--Peter Bertram
A Case of Mistaken Identity--Tony Chibarro
Montgomery Ward Catalog & U.S. Postal Notes Tame the Wild West--Bob Laub
UNESCO-Angola--Roland Rollins
official journal of
The Society of Paper Money Collectors
How the 1914 FRN Serial #1
San Francisco Red Seals were Saved
LEGENDARY COLLECTIONS | LEGENDARY RESULTS | A LEGENDARY AUCTION FIRM
Recent 2023 Prices Realized from
Stack?s Bowers Galleries
Include Your U.S. Currency in Our
November 2023 Showcase Auction ? Consign Today!
Auction: November 14-17, 2023 ? Consignment Deadline: September 18, 2023
CC-34. Continental Currency. May 9, 1776. $4.
PCGS Banknote Superb Gem Uncirculated 68 PPQ.
Realized: $18,000
T-45. Confederate Currency. 1862 $1.
PMG Gem Uncirculated 65 EPQ.
Realized: $14,400
Fr. 1700. 1933 $10 Silver Certificate.
PCGS Banknote Superb Gem Uncirculated 67 PPQ.
Low Serial Number.
Realized: $99,000
Fr. 2210-Hlgs. 1928 Light Green Seal
$1000 Federal Reserve Note. St. Louis.
PMG Gem Uncirculated 65 EPQ.
Realized: $43,200
Fr. 2402H. 1928 $20 Gold Certificate Star Note.
PMG Gem Uncirculated 65 EPQ.
Realized: $38,400
Fr. 2405. 1928 $100 Gold Certificate.
PMG Gem Uncirculated 66 EPQ.
Realized: $192,000
Fr. 2407. 1928 $500 Gold Certificate.
PMG Gem Uncirculated 65 EPQ.
Realized: $216,000
Fr. 2221-K. 1934 $5000 Federal Reserve Note.
Dallas. PCGS Banknote Choice Very Fine 35.
Realized: $174,000
Fr. 2301mH. 1934 $5 Hawaii Emergency
Star Mule Note. San Francisco.
PMG Gem Uncirculated 66 EPQ.
Realized: $52,800
Fr. 2200-Jdgs. 1928 Dark Green Seal
$500 Federal Reserve Note. Kansas City.
PMG Gem Uncirculated 65 EPQ.
Realized: $43,200
Fr. 2201-A. 1934 Dark Green Seal
$500 Federal Reserve Note. Boston.
PCGS Banknote Superb Gem Uncirculated 68 PPQ.
Realized: $48,000
Fr. 2. 1861 $5 Demand Note.
PMG Gem Uncirculated 65 EPQ.
Realized: $408,000
Contact Us for More Information Today!
West Coast: 800.458.4646 ? East Coast: 800.566.2580 ? Consign@StacksBowers.com
America?s Oldest and Most Accomplished Rare Coin Auctioneer
1550 Scenic Ave., Ste. 150, Costa Mesa, CA 92626 ? 949.253.0916 ? Info@StacksBowers.com
470 Park Ave., New York, NY 10022 ? 212.582.2580 ? NYC@stacksbowers.com
84 State St. (at 22 Merchants Row), Boston, MA 02109 ? 617.843.8343 ? Boston@StacksBowers.com
1735 Market St. (18th & JFK Blvd.), Philadelphia, PA 19103 ? 267.609.1804 ? Philly@StacksBowers.com
Info@StacksBowers.com ? StacksBowers.com
California ? New York ? Boston ? Philadelphia ? New Hampshire ? Oklahoma ? Virginia
Hong Kong ? Paris ? Vancouver
SBG CDNGreensheet Nov2023 PR Consign 230901
a_oM_om
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320 Plate Letters on Large Size NBNs--Peter Huntoon
337 How the 1914 FRN Serial #1 Red Seals Were Saved--Lee Lofthus
344 High Serial Discovery--Peter Huntoon
346 The Fate of Baugh's Cotton Mill in alabama--Bill Gunther & Charles Derby
350 4th Issue Treasury Seal Plate Proof Sheets--Jerry Fochtman & Rick Melamed
357 Neither Chit nor Chizzler--Terry Bryan
361 Altered 4th Printing Chemicograph Backs--Peter Bertram
363 Book Review--Frank Clark
366 A Case of Mistaken Identity--Tony Chibbaro
379 Montgomery Ward Catalog & U.S. Postal Notes Tame the Wild West--Bob Laub
385 UNESCO-Angola--Roland Rollins
SPMC.org * Paper Money * Sept/Oct 2023 * Whole No. 347
315
Columns
Advertisers
SPMC Hall of Fame
The SPMC Hall of Fame recognizes and honors those individuals who
have made a lasting contribution to the society over the span of many years.?
Charles Affleck
Walter Allan
Doug Ball
Hank Bieciuk
Joseph Boling
F.C.C. Boyd
Michael Crabb
Forrest Daniel
Martin Delger
William Donlon
Roger Durand
C. John Ferreri
Milt Friedberg
Robert Friedberg
Len Glazer
Nathan Gold
Nathan Goldstein
James Haxby
John Herzog
Gene Hessler
John Hickman
William Higgins
Ruth Hill
Peter Huntoon
Glenn Jackson
Don Kelly
Lyn Knight
Chet Krause
Allen Mincho
Clifford Mishler
Barbara Mueller
Judith Murphy
Dean Oakes
Chuck O?Donnell
Roy Pennell
Albert Pick
Fred Reed
Matt Rothert
John Rowe III
Herb & Martha
Schingoethe
Hugh Shull
Glenn Smedley
Raphael Thian
Daniel Valentine
Louis Van Belkum
George Wait
D.C. Wismer
From Your President
Editor Sez
New Members
Uncoupled
Cherry Pickers Corner
Quartermaster
Obsolete Corner
Chump Change
Small Notes
Robert Vandevender 317
Benny Bolin 318
Frank Clark 319
Joe Boling & Fred Schwan 368
Robert Calderman 372
Michael McNeil 374
Robert Gill 376
Loren Gatch 378
Jamie Yakes 382
Stacks Bowers IFC
Pierre Fricke 315
FCCB 335
DBR Currency 335
Higgins Museum 335
PCGS-C 336
Fred Bart 343
Confederate Book 343
Bob Laub 343
Greysheet 345
Tom Denly 345
Lyn Knight 355
Kagins 360
ANA 386
PCDA IBC
Heritage Auctions OBC
Fred Schwan
Neil Shafer
SPMC.org * Paper Money * Sept/Oct 2023 * Whole No. 347
316
Officers & Appointees
ELECTED OFFICERS
PRESIDENT Robert Vandevender II
rvpaperman@aol.com
VICE-PRES/SEC'Y Robert Calderman
gacoins@earthlink.net
TREASURER Robert Moon
robertmoon@aol.com
BOARD OF GOVERNORS
APPOINTEES
PUBLISHER-EDITOR
Benny Bolin smcbb@sbcglobal.net
ADVERTISING MANAGER
Wendell Wolka purduenut@aol.com
Megan Reginnitter mreginnitter@iowafirm.com
LIBRARIAN
Jeff Brueggeman
MEMBERSHIP DIRECTOR
Frank Clark frank_clark@yahoo.com
IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT
Shawn Hewitt
WISMER BOOk PROJECT COORDINATOR
Pierre Fricke
From Your President
Robert Vandevender II
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Paper Money * July/August 2020
6
jeff@actioncurrency.com
LEGAL COUNSEL
Robert Calderman gacoins@earthlink.com
Matt Drais stockpicker12@aol.com
Mark Drengson markd@step1software.com
Jerry Fochtman jerry@fochtman.us
Pierre Fricke pierrefricke@buyvingagecurrency.com
Loren Gatch lgatch@uco.edu
Derek Higgins derekhiggins219@gmail.com
Raiden Honaker raidenhonaker8@gmail.com
William Litt billitt@aol.com
Cody Regennitter cody.reginnitter@gmail.com
Andy Timmerman andrew.timmerman@aol.com
Wendell Wolka purduenut@aol.com
In July, Nancy and I attended the Summer FUN sho . For the first time, my
niece Taylor and nephew Justin, accompanied by their parents, my sister Jennifer,
and Troy came to the show to see what it was all about. Nancy and I spent several
hours walking them around the floor showing them all of the exciting things one
can see at a money show. Both Justin and Taylor participated in the Treasure
Trivia Hunt where they went to various tables to answer a question and receive a
gift. They received many good items and learned a lot about numismatics. Justin
won a proof set on a wheel spin at one of the stops. Both received slabbed dollar
bills from PCGS. The SPMC didn?t have a table at the Summer FUN, but we will
be participating as one of the Treasure Trivia Hunt stops at the Winter FUN when
we hold our annual meetings and breakfast. Last year, our question to the children
was to explain what a star note signifies. We will be coming up with a different
question for this upcoming FUN. If you have children or grandchildren and have
never taken them to a major show, I highly recommend it.
Speaking of the Winter FUN, we have started planning for the various events
we hold during the show. We are planning for the breakfast meeting, designing
souvenir breakfast tickets, preparing for award presentations for both literary and
service awards, and arranging a speaker for our annual membership meeting. One
activity we are pursuing right now is donations for our annual Thomas Bain raffle,
always held during our breakfast meeting. It is a major fundraising activity for our
Society and helps offset the cost of breakfast. So, if you have a few numismatic
related items you would like to contribute, please seek out one of our Governors or
email for an address for shipment. Of course, we are a 501c3 organization and can
provide a receipt for anything donated if requested. Also, if you are interested in
doing an educational presentation, just let us know.
Mike Abramson sent out some interesting news about how currency will be
printed and packaged. It sounds like the notes in packs of new currency will no
longer be sequentially numbered, starting with the one dollar notes in 2023. This
will certainly change how people search for special serial numbers in the future.
Have you checked out the new Bank Note Lookup feature our overnor, Mark
Drengson, helped to develop. It is a very nice addition and open to the public. I
was using it at work the other day to look
up coworkers? hometowns and many of the
non-collectors were interested and
impressed. Check it out at https://
banklookup.spmc.org/.
In July, the SPMC had a table at the
Long Beach Expo in California. We had a
steady stream of traffic at the table and
handed out many membership
applications. We will do it again at the
September show so if you are in the area,
please stop by and say hello.
At the recent ANA WFOM show, I had
the opportunity to meet with Ventris C.
Gibson, Director of the US Mint. Here is a
picture as she was presenting me with her
autographed card.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * Sept/Oct 2023 * Whole No. 347
317
Terms?and?Conditions?
The?Society? of? Paper?Money? Collectors? (SPMC)? P.O.?? Box?7055,?
Gainesville,?GA??? 30504,?publishes??? PAPER??? MONEY?(USPS?? 00?
3162)? every? other? month? beginning? in? January.? Periodical?
postage? is? paid? at? Hanover,? PA.? Postmaster? send? address?
changes? to? Secretary? Robert? Calderman,? Box? 7055,?Gainesville,?
GA? 30504.??Society? of? Paper?Money? Collectors,?Inc.? 2020.? All?
rights? reserved.? Reproduction? of? any? article? in?whole? or? part?
without?written?approval? is?prohibited.? Individual?copies?of? this?
issue?of?PAPER?MONEY?are?available? from?the?secretary? for?$8?
postpaid.?Send?changes?of?address,?inquiries?concerning??? non??? ????
delivery??? and??? requests??? for??? additional?copies?of?this?issue?to?
the?secretary.?
MANUSCRIPTS?
Manuscripts?????not?????under??????consideration??????elsewhere?and?
publications? for? review?should?be?sent? to? the?editor.?Accepted?
manuscripts? will? be? published? as? soon? as? possible,? however?
publication? in? a? specific? issue? cannot? be?guaranteed.?Opinions?
expressed? by? authors? do? not?necessarily? reflect?those? of? the?
SPMC.???Manuscripts?should?be? submitted? in?WORD? format? via?
email?(smcbb@sbcglobal.net)? or? by? sending?memory?stick/disk?
to? the? editor.? Scans? should? be? grayscale? or? color? JPEGs? at?
300?dpi.?Color? illustrations?may?be?changed?to?grayscale?at? the?
discretion? of? the? editor.? Do? not? send? items? of? value.?
Manuscripts?are? submitted?with?copyright?release?of?the?author?
to? the? editor? for? duplication? and? printing?as?needed.?
ADVERTISING?
All?advertising?on?space?available?basis.?Copy/correspondence?
should?be?sent?to?editor.?
All?advertising?is?pay?in?advance.??Ads?are?on?a??good?faith??
basis.? Terms?are??Until?Forbid.??
Ads? are? Run? of? Press? (ROP)? unless? accepted? on? a? premium?
contract?basis.?Limited?premium?space/rates?available.?
To?keep?rates?to?a?minimum,?all?advertising?must?be?prepaid?
according?to?the?schedule?below.??In?exceptional?cases?where?
special? artwork? or? additional? production? is? required,? the?
advertiser? will?be?notified? and? billed?accordingly.? Rates? are?
not?commissionable;?proofs?are?not? supplied.? SPMC? does?not?
endorse?any?company,?dealer,? or? auction? house.? Advertising?
Deadline:?Subject?to?space?availability,?copy?must?be?received?
by? the? editor? no? later? than? the? first? day? of? the? month?
preceding? the? cover?date? of? the? issue? (i.e.? Feb.? 1? for? the?
March/April? issue).?Camera?ready?art?or?electronic?ads? in?pdf?
format?are?required.?
ADVERTISING?RATES?
Editor Sez
Benny Bolin
Required?file??? submission?format??? is??? composite??? PDF?v1.3?
(Acrobat?4.0???compatible).???If???possible,?submitted?files?should?
conform?to?ISO?15930?1:?2001?PDF/X?1a?file?format?standard.?
Non?? standard,? application,? or? native? file? formats? are? not?
acceptable.?Page? size:?must? conform?to?specified?publication?
trim? size.? Page? bleed:? must? extend?minimum? 1/8?? beyond?
trim?for?page?head,?foot,?and?front.? Safety?margin:? type? and?
other? non?bleed? content?must? clear? trim?by?minimum?1/2?.??
Advertising?c o p y ? shall?be?restricted?to?paper?currency,?allied?
numismatic?material,?publications,???and???related???accessories.???
The?SPMC? does? not? guarantee?advertisements,? but? accepts?
copy? in?good?faith,? reserving? the?right? to? reject?objectionable?
or? inappropriate? material? or? edit? ? ? copy.? The? ? ? ? ? SPMC??
assumes????? no????? financial?????? responsibility?for? typographical?
errors? in? ads? but? agrees? to? reprint? that?portion?of?an?ad? in?
which?a?typographical?error?occurs.?
Benny
Space?
Full?color?covers?
1?Time?
$1500?
3?Times?
$2600?
6?Times
$4900
B&W?covers? 500? 1400? 2500
Full?page?color? 500? 1500? 3000
Full?page?B&W? 360? 1000? 1800
Half?page?B&W? 180? 500? 900
Quarter?page?B&W? 90? 250? 450
Eighth?page?B&W? 45? 125? 225
Wow! Summer continues and Mother Nature continues to show
us how strong a lady she is and who is the boss. It is HOT even for
those of us in Texas. Being raised and working on a farm all my life,
I am usually not so bothered by the heat, but July and August have
really shown me how human (or how old) I really am.
From all indications, all aspects of the numismatic hobby are hot
also. Reports from regional shows, summer FUN and the ANA
WOFM, all had good and encouraging reports. I had to miss one of
my usual manistay shows, the Texas Numismatic Association again
this year as I had to accompany our high school choir as their nurse
to Hawaii. It was a good trip, but it was my third time going with our
choir and band and we did the exact same things as the prior two,
Pearl Harbor (which never gets old), the Polynesian Cultural Center,
the Dole Plantation. All was good and the kids had a good time.
I hope you all are going to attend Winter FUN this year. The
SPMC has seemingly made this our annual show as the IPMS was in
years past. It is a great show and we are again going to have a lot of
activities aimed at paper money. The show runs from January 4-7,
2024 at the Orange County Convention Center as usual. On Friday,
January 5, we hope to have a general membership meeting with an
educational presentation. We hope to hold our annual Tom Bain
Raffle and breakfast on Saturday January 6. More on these two will
be forcoming in the Nov/Dec issue of Paper Money. If you want to
donate items for the raffle, let one of the governors know and they
will be happy to take your items. This is also the time we will be
giving out our service and literary awards. Speaking of the latter, we
will be having our on-line voting for the literary awards in December
and presenting the winner at FUN. We will also have an or some
awards for paper money exhibt(s) as well.
Another of our stalwart members (two actually) were also
recently feted at the ANA WOFM. John and Nancy Wilson were
recognized with an ANA Philanthropy Award--Congrats to both!
The SPMC had a great ANA with many members award
recipents.
On a sad note, we were notified of the July passing of Glen Jorde
from Devils Lake, ND. He was a long time paper collector and
dealer and will be missed by the entire hobby.
Have a happy and safe summer and I hope to see you all
some day at a show although I dont generally get to many.
I hope you all have a great end of summer. Make plans to see us at
FUN '24 and remember to watch out for those kids as school is back
in session and they are probably not paying attention and watching/
texting on their phones instead of watching for you!
250
The Society of Paper Money
Collectors was organized in 1961 and
incorporated in 1964 as a non-profit
organization under the laws of the
District of Columbia. It is
affiliated with the ANA. The
Annual Meeting of the SPMC is
held in June at the International
Paper Money Show. Information
about the SPMC, including the
by-laws and activities can be
found at our website--
www.spmc.org. The SPMC does
not does not endorse any dealer,
company or auction house.
MEMBERSHIP?REGULAR and
LIFE. Applicants must be at least 18
years of age and of good moral
character. Members of the ANA or
other recognized numismatic
societies are eligible for membership.
Other applicants should be sponsored
by an SPMC member or provide
suitable references.
MEMBERSHIP?JUNIOR.
Applicants for Junior membership
must be from 12 to 17 years of age
and of good moral character. A parent
or guardian must sign their
application. Junior membership
numbers will be preceded by the letter
?j? which will be removed upon
notification to the secretary that the
member has reached 18 years of age.
Junior members are not eligible to
hold office or vote.
DUES?Annual dues are $39. Dues
for members in Canada and Mexico
are $45. Dues for members in all
other countries are $60. Life
membership?payable in installments
within one year is $800 for U.S.; $900
for Canada and Mexico and $1000
for all other countries. The Society
no longer issues annual membership
cards but paid up members may
request one from the membership
director with an SASE.
Memberships for all members who
joined the Society prior to January
2010 are on a calendar year basis
with renewals due each December.
Memberships for those who joined
since January 2010 are on an annual
basis beginning and ending the
month joined. All renewals are due
before the expiration date, which can
be found on the label of Paper
Money. Renewals may be done via
the Society website www.spmc.org
or by check/money order sent to the
secretary.
WELCOME TO OUR NEW MEMBERS!
BY FRANK CLARK
SPMC MEMBERSHIP DIRECTOR
NEW MEMBERS 07/05/2023
NEW MEMBERS 08/05/2023
Dues Remittal Process
Send dues directly to
Robert Moon
SPMC Treasurer
104 Chipping Ct
Greenwood, SC 29649
Refer to your mailing label for when
your dues are due.
You may also pay your dues online at
www.spmc.org.
15586 David Netz Jr, Website
15587 David Leong, Frank Clark
15588 Michael Rocco, Website
15589 Zachary Askeland, Website
15590 Wayne Siebert, Website
15591 Karan Khandelwal, Website
15592 Remi Barbier, Website
15593 John Koar, Website
15594 Barbara Thompson, Rbt V.
15595 Carlos Zaragoza, Frank Clark
15596 Michael Sowizdrzal, Website
15597 Russ Frank, Robert Calderman
15598 Frank Harris, Robert Calderman
15599 Travis Bolton, Robert C.
15600 Charles Vincent, Frank Clark
15601 Len Ebersberger, Robert C.
15602 Steve Hose, Website
15603 Dimitriy Litvak, Frank Clark
REINSTATEMENTS
None
LIFE MEMBERSHIPS
None
15604 Aiden Shakirov, Website
15605 John Wyndham, Website
15606 William L. Brown, Robert Calderman
15607 Terrill M. Williams, Wendell Wolka
15608 Matthew Zimmermann, Website
15609 Elkader Auction House, Robert C.
15610 Danny Spungen, Derek Higgins
15611 Art Delgado, Derek Higgins
15612 Jessica Higgins, Derek Higgins
15613 James Ondak, Frank Clark
15614 Thomas Castloo, Derek Higgins
REINSTATEMENTS
None
LIFE MEMBERSHIPS
LM467 Andrew Timmerman, formerly
14986
LM468 Bradley Trotter, Frank Clark
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The Paper
Column
by
Peter Huntoon
Plate Letters
on Large Size National Bank Notes and
the Maintenance and Replacement of Plates
PURPOSE
The purpose of this article is to explain the conventions that governed the lettering of subjects on
large size national bank note face plates. It is important to differentiate between replacement, altered and
reentered plates in order to determine when letters changed so the distinctions between these processes will
be discussed.
Incrementing the plate letters on replacement plates was a Bureau of Engraving and Printing
innovation. Only two cases have been recognized where replacement national bank note face plates bore
distinguishing markings made by the bank note companies.
LETTERING CONVENTIONS
Plate letters were always used on national bank note faces to differentiate between the subjects of
the same denomination on a given plate. The sequential advancement of letters on replacement plates was
a Bureau of Engraving and Printing innovation that commenced in 1878 during the Series of 1875. The
following plate lettering conventions became standardized by the time the Series of 1882 was introduced.
1. Each denomination had an independent lettering sequence.
2. The lettering began at A for each denomination with the start of each new series for each
bank.
3. Lettering for a given denomination advanced sequentially down the plate, and then from
plate to plate in the order in which the plates were made.
4. Plate letters reverted to A when new plates were made when: (a) the bank title was
changed as the result of a formal petition from the bankers and/or (b) an earlier charter
number was reassigned to the bank.
5. Plate letters were not changed on altered plates including: (a) Original Series to Series of
1875 conversions, (b) changed manufacturer imprints, (c) territorial to state conversions,
(d) addition of engraved signatures, (e) Comptroller-imposed title changes, or (f) title
changes limited to the removal of the word ?The.?
6. Plate letters were advanced on existing Series of 1882 and Series of 1902 plates when they
were altered to the ?or other securities? variety with the introduction of the date back
types in 1908.
The important fact here is that each denomination used by a bank had its own lettering sequence.
In cases where a given denomination appeared on different plate combinations in the same series, the letters
for that denomination walked sequentially through all the plates in the order in which the plates were made.
10-10-10-10 and 50-50-50-100 Series of 1882 and 1902 Plates
Three standardized plate formats were made available to banks for use in the Series of 1882 and
1902; specifically, 5-5-5-5, 10-10-10-20 and 50-100.
The 10-10-10-10 combination was introduced on July 23, 1906 as an option that bankers could
order. The purpose was to encourage the circulation of lower denomination notes, which were perceived
by Treasury officials to be under represented (Ridgely 1906).
The 50-50-50-100 was added to the mix during October 1910 in order to standardize the available
plate sizes at four subjects. Use of 50-100 plates was discontinued by the end of November, and they were
replaced with the new format.
Both of these changes had to be accommodated by the plate numbering system, so you will see that
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both, especially the 10-10-10-10, led to very interesting lettering sequences for particular banks.
LETTERING SEQUENCE
Plate lettering is particularly interesting for banks with huge circulations because many plates were
required. Table 1 shows the lettering sequence for the 5-5-5-5 and 10-10-10-20 Series of 1902 plates for
The First National Bank of the City of New York (29). Notice the progression of lettering styles as the
alphabet was cycled: A, AA, A3, A4, etc. The subscript 2 was not used, rather the second pass through the
alphabet utilized the double letter style. For convenience, the doubled letter or number are referred to as
subscripts, however there is great variability in their placement next to the plate letters.
Figure 1. Double plate
letters were used
during the second
pass through the
alphabet. Numbered
letters were used
during the third and
higher passes through
the alphabet.
Table 1. Succession of plate letters on the Series of 1902 5-5-5-5 and 10-10-10-20 face plates
for The First National Bank of the City of New York, New York (29).
5-5-5-5:
A-B-C-D AA-BB-CC-DD A3-B3-C3-D3 A4-B4-C4-D4 A5-B5-C5-D5 A6-B6-C6-D6 A7-B7-C7-D7
E-F-G-H EE-FF-GG-HH E3-F3-G3-H3 E4-F4-G4-H4 E5-F5-G5-H5 E6-F6-G6-H6
I-J-K-L II-JJ-KK-LL I3-J3-K3-L3 I4-J4-K4-L4 I5-J5-K5-L5 I6-J6-K6-L6
M-N-O-P MM-NN-OO-PP M3-N3-O3-P3 M4-N4-O4-P4 M5-N5-O5-P5 M6-N6-O6-P6
Q-R-S-T QQ-RR-SS-TT Q3-R3-S3-T3 Q4-R4-S4-T4 Q5-R5-S5-T5 Q6-R6-S6-T6
U-V-W-X UU-VV-WW-XX U3-V3-W3-X3 U4-V4-W4-X4 U5-V5-W5-X5 U6-V6-W6-X6
10-10-10-20:
A-B-C-A AA-BB-CC-I A3-B3-C3-Q A4-B4-C4-AA A5-B5-C5-II
D-E-F-B DD-EE-FF-J D3-E3-F3-R D4-E4-F4-BB D5-E5-F5-JJ
G-H-I-C GG-HH-II-K G3-H3-I3-S G4-H4-I4-CC G5-H5-I5-KK
J-K-L-D JJ-KK-LL-L J3-K3-L3-T J4-K4-LL-DD J5-K5-L5-LL
M-N-O-E MM-NN-OO-M M3-N3-O3-U M4-N4-O4-EE M5-N5-O5-MM
P-Q-R-F PP-QQ-RR-N P3-Q3-R3-V P4-Q4-R4-FF P5-Q5-R5-NN
S-T-U-G SS-TT-UU-O S3-T3-U3-W S4-T4-U4-GG
V-W-X-H VV-WW-XX-P V3-W3-X3-X V4-W4-X4-HH
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In what is a measure of great financial prowess, The First National Bank of the City of New York
(29), reached $5 Series of 1902 plate A7-B7-C7-D7, the highest format found on any plate. This plate was
certified for use December 10, 1928. The last 5-5-5-5 delivery for the bank from the Bureau of Engraving
and Printing to the Comptroller occurred on July 6, 1929, and ended with sheet serial B179083. The last
sheet sent to the bank was B123785, yielding an astonishing total of 2,396,985 sheets of Series of 1902
fives. Over 55,000 of the last of the sheets were not sent to the bank, so it appears that no notes from the
A7-B7-C7-D7 plate got out, provided they were even printed. I have never seen one.
The highest format used on a 10-10-10-20 plate was P5-Q5-R5-NN for the same bank on a Series of
1902 plate completed August 6, 1928. The last of that combination was delivered to the Comptroller July
1, 1929, and bore serial A321021. The last issued to the bank was A300533, yielding a total of 1,731,253
Series of 1902 10-10-10-20 sheets.
Letter subscripts were used on Series of 1882 plates for a number of banks; however, the numerical
subscripts were never reached in that series. We could have seen a Series of 1882 plate lettered A3-B3-C3-
D3 had The National Bank of Commerce in New York (733) required just one more Series of 1882 5-5-5-
5 plate!
Notice from Table 1 how the lettering sequence usually did not include the full alphabet. The sixth
format in the succession of 5-5-5-5 plates was U-V-W-X. The letters Y and Z were skipped so that the
seventh format was AA-BB-CC-DD. Thus, the style of letting was homogeneous on the plate instead of the
heterogeneous Y-Z-AA-BB.
As shown on Table 1, the letters Y and Z also were avoided in successions of 10-10-10-20 plates.
The eighth format in that succession was V-W-X-H. The letters Y and Z were skipped on the $10s on the
ninth format, so the plate was lettered AA-BB-CC-I. Here, the styles of letters used on the $10s remained
homogeneous, but notice that the $20 was consecutive from the preceding format. The 24th format was V3-
W3-X3-X. The Y was not used on the $20 on the next plate. Rather, the Y and Z were once again skipped
so the 25th format became A4-B4-C4-AA!
Plate lettering was far more interesting when a large bank utilized a mix of 10-10-10-20 and 10-
10-10-10 plates. A good example involves the listing on Table 2 for the Series of 1882 plates for San
Francisco (5105), a bank that had a title change. Notice for this bank that plate lettering reverted to A after
the title change. More interesting, follow the progression of plate letters for the $10s and $20s through the
succession of 10-10-10-20 and 10-10-10-10 plates.
Figure 2. The highest plate letter used on a national bank plate was D7 on a Series of 1902
plate for The First National Bank of the City of New York (29). Notes printed from the plate
containing this subject may not have reached circulation, owing to not having been printed or
being canceled at the end of the large note era. National Numismatic Collection, Smithsonian
Institution photo.
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USE OF Y AND Z
The letters Y and Z were reached only on $10s, and only when a bank used just the right mix of
10-10-10-10 and 10-10-10-20 plates. Only two Series of 1882 issuing banks had plates made with Y and Z
position letters, both during their date back issues; specifically, The National Bank of Commerce in St.
Louis (4178) and National Shawmut Bank of Boston (5155). Seven 1902-issuers received them in the Series
of 1902; specifically, charters 104, 121, 733, 891, 1111, 1290 and 1370.
Table 2. Plate Letters on the Series of 1882 face plates for The Nevada
and The Wells Fargo Nevada National Banks of San Francisco,
California (5105). Notice how the plate letters on the $10 Subjects
thread through the 10-10-10-10 and 10-10-10-20 combinations.
5-5-5-5 10-10-10-10 10-10-10-20 50-100 Date Certified
The Nevada National Bank of San Francisco
Series of 1882 brown back face plates:
A-A Jan 22, 1898
A-B-C-A Jan 22, 1898
A-B-C-D Jun 21, 1900
D-E-F-B Aug 12, 1902
E-F-G-H Aug 19, 1902
I-J-K-L Oct 6, 1902
G-H-I-C Dec 7, 1904
The Wells Fargo Nevada National Bank of
A-B-C-D May 22, 1905
A-B-C-A May 23, 1905
E-F-G-H Jul 7, 1905
D-E-F-B Aug 9, 1905
G-H-I-J Sep 15, 1906
K-L-M-N Oct 11, 1907
Series of 1882 date back face plates:
I-J-K-L Sep 14, 1908
O-P-Q-C Sep 15, 1908
R-S-T-D Sep 14, 1908
U-V-W-X Sep 15, 1908
M-N-O-P Nov 8, 1908
Q-R-S-T Oct 29, 1909
AA-BB-CC-DD Oct 29, 1909
U-V-W-X Oct 9, 1912
AA-BB-CC-DD Sep 12, 1914
Series of 1882 value back face plates:
EE-FF-GG-HH Mar 28, 1916
EE-FF-GG-HH Mar 29, 1916
II-JJ-KK-LL Aug 30, 1916
MM-NN-OO-PP Mar 20, 1917
II-JJ-KK-LL Mar 22, 1917
The following Wells Fargo Nevada face plates were altered from brown to date
backs and relettered as shown:
Combination Brown Back Date Back
5-5-5-5 E-F-G-H I-J-K-L
10-10-10-10 K-L-M-N U-V-W-X
10-10-10-20 A-B-C-A O-P-Q-C
10-10-10-20 D-E-F-B R-S-T-D
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Although theoretically possible, the letters Y and Z never were used in a 50-100/50-50-50-100 mix
because no bank required the requisite number of plates.
PLATE LETTERS
Attractive, ornate letters were the standard on most first plates in the Original Series through Series
of 1882. Early on, the styles of the plate letters found on some 10-10-10-10 and 20-20-20-20 plates differed
to distinguish those combinations. The letters on the earliest 10-10-10-10 Original Series plates were
oversize, and they were carried forward when those plates were altered into Series of 1875. Similarly, the
lower left plate letters on some 20-20-20-20 Series of 1875 plates appear ghost like to distinguish notes
from that combination.
The letters on some early Series of 1875 10-10-10-10 and 10-10-10-20 replacement plates were
italicized. Plain open letters were adopted for use on 10-10-10-20 Series of 1882 replacement plates. The
plain letters also were used on all 10-10-10-10 Series of 1882 plates first introduced in 1906, and on all re-
lettered 10-10-10-20 plates when the brown back face plates were altered it carry the ?or other securities?
security clause required for the date back faces.
REPLACEMENT, ALTERED AND REENTERED PLATES
The processes of replacing, altering and reentering plates must be distinguished in order to bring
clarity to this discussion.
Replacement plates were entirely new plates that were manufactured to replace worn plates, or
plates that were purged for having inartistic title blocks. The plate letters on the various subjects on
replacement plate were always advanced from those on previous plates beginning in 1878.
Altered plates were existing plates on which design elements were changed. The rule for altered
plates was that plate letters were left unchanged. However, there was one huge group of exceptions.
Lettering of the subjects was advanced when Series of 1882 brown back and 1902 red seal faces were
altered into their date back forms.
Reentered plates were worn plates upon which design elements were repressed from rolls to
refurbish details. The plate letters on reentered plates were left unchanged, but occasionally moved slightly.
Figure 3. Varieties of letters used on early
series $10 and higher plates. Left column:
(a) standard size plate letters used on
most Series of 1882 and earlier plates, (b)
oversize letters on the earliest 10-10-10-
10 Original Series plates, (c) italicized
plate letters on early 10-10-10-10 and 10-
10-10-20 replacement plates, (d) plain
upright letters on Series of 1882
replacement plates. Right column: top is
the standard plate letter used on most
Series of 1882 and earlier plates, bottom
is a ghost-like plate letter used on some
Series of 1875 20-20-20-20 plates.
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REPLACEMENT PLATES
The problem of worn plates plagued the national bank note printings from the beginning. Only two
cases are known where special markings were used to identify Original Series replacement plates.
The second 5-5-5-5 Original Series plate for The Tenth National Bank of the City of New York
(307) has a small numeral 2 engraved under the lower right plate letter on all four subjects. It was prepared
by the Continental Bank Note Company.
Similarly, the second 1-1-1-2 for The Mechanics National Bank of the City of New York (1250)
prepared by the American Bank Note Company has 2s next to the left plate letters on the $1s and both plate
letters on the $2.
The other Original Series replacement plates were duplicates down to the same plate letters.
Figure 4. The number 2 was
engraved below the lower right
plate letters to distinguish the
subjects on the Original Series
5-5-5-5 replacement plate made
for The Tenth National Bank of
the City of New York, New
York (307).
Figure 5. A numbered Original Series replacement plate was made for The Mechanics National Bank of the
City of New York (1250) that was altered into a Series of 1875 plate by the BEP. Left detail is of the numbered
position letters on the left side of the $1s. Right detail is of the numbered position letters on the $2s.
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The identification of replacement plate evolved once the Bureau of Engraving and Printing took
over responsibility for making and maintaining the plates. The first replacement plates that were made by
the Bureau to replace existing Series of 1875 plates had incremented plate letters and updated Scofield-
Gilfillan signatures, that reveal that they were made after April 1, 1878. Advancing the plate letters was a
Bureau of Engraving and Printing innovation. A good example is the E-F-G-H 5-5-5-5 Series of 1875 for
The Second National Bank of Springfield, Massachusetts (181). It replaced an A-B-C-D with the Allison-
New combination.
Some replacement plates were prepared instead of altering worn Original Series plates into Series
of 1875 plates. The 50-100 plate for the Gallatin National Bank of the City of New York (1324) is an
example that was certified May 25, 1878 and carried Scofield-Gilfillan signatures and incremented B-B
plate letters.
The practice of updating signatures on replacement plates ceased during 1878. From then on, every
key piece of information remained the same as on the previous plate, although the styles or positions of the
various design elements could be changed or rearranged, and the bank note company imprint could be
replaced with a Bureau imprint. The plate letters were variable items.
The strictness with which Bureau employees adhered to advancing the plate letters is illustrated by
a couple of glitches that converged on the same day. The $5 A-B-C-D Series of 1882 plate for The First
National Bank of Michigan City, Indiana (2747), made in 1882, with a patented letter layout was replaced
by a circus poster variety certified on January 22, 1887. The problem was that the new plate was lettered
A-B-C-D, not E-F-G-H. This mistake was spotted, the letters were corrected by altering the plate, and the
corrected plate was certified January 28, 1887.
However, on January 28th, a replacement $5 Series of 1882 face for The National Shoe and Leather
Bank of the City of New York (917) was submitted for approval that replaced another patented letter A-B-
C-D plate made two years earlier. This replacement also was mis-lettered A-B-C-D. The error was caught
immediately because everyone concerned was on the alert thanks to the Michigan City situation, and the
plate was not certified. In fact, it was fixed and certified that very same day. The haste with which it was
altered indicates that someone probably got an earful!
ALTERED PLATES
Alterations did not result in changes to the plate letters except when the Series of 1882 and 1902
face plates were altered into the date back varieties by changing the security clause.
The altering of plates was a very common cost-effective occurrence. Anything on the plate could
be changed. The most interesting alteration order that I found was the following to the Bureau from
Comptroller Knox, dated May 7, 1877.
Please change the plate 5.5.5.5 prepared for The Farmers National Bank of Mattoon, Illinois, which plate
was ordered to be prepared in letter from this office February 14, 1876, to ?The Farmers National Bank of
Platte City,? Platte City, Missouri. Transfer to bear date May 25, 1877, charter number 2356.
There was no Farmers National Bank of Mattoon, Illinois. The original order was a mistake and
the Comptroller was saving money by having the plate altered instead of having an entirely new one made.
The point is that even wholesale alterations were undertaken and at the time were considered routine.
Conversion to Series of 1875
A common alteration was the conversion of Original Series plates into Series of 1875 forms. The
alterations included changing the Treasury signatures, adding or removing manufacturer imprints, and
extending vignettes to the borders.
Replacing Imprints
A common alteration was to replace the bank note company imprints with that of the Bureau on
Series of 1875 and 1882 plates. Those alterations also involved removing the words ?Printed at the Bureau,
Engraving & Printing, U. S. Treasury Dept? from plates containing them.
Territorial to State Conversions
A common alteration in all series was the conversion of territorial plates into state plates. In these
cases, the state replaced the territorial designation, and the Treasury signatures and plate dates were updated.
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Figure 6. When the replacement plate (center note) was made, it was mistakenly lettered A-B-C-D.
The same error had just been made on a plate for Michigan City, Indiana. Notice from the certification
dates that the plate was re-lettered the day the error was discovered! National Numismatic Collection,
Smithsonian Institution photos.
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Bank Signatures
Engraved bank signatures were added to many Series of 1902 plates beginning in 1922. This
alteration also involved removing the line under the signatures.
Comptroller-Imposed Title Changes
There were a few instances in the Series of 1882 and 1902 when the postal locations written in
script in the title blocks were changed by means of mid-series Comptroller-imposed title changes to clarify
the locations of banks. All accommodated changes in the name of the town.
The Series of 1882 cases involved Mystic River/Mystic, Connecticut (645), Great
Falls/Somersworth, New Hampshire (1183), North Auburn/Auburn, Nebraska (3343), New
Tacoma/Tacoma, Washington Territory (2924) and Geneva/Lake Geneva, Wisconsin (3135). The 1902
cases involved Allegheny/Pittsburgh (198 and 776).
The existing plates were altered in all cases except for Mystic River/Mystic, Connecticut. The
Mystic bank got new plates. On the others, the protocol followed was not to change the plate letters because
the changes classified as an alteration to an existing plate with the single anomalous exception of the Series
of 1902 10-10-10-20 plate for The First National Bank of Allegheny (198). The letters were advanced on
that plate.
Figure 7. A new title block and modernized will pay line was used on the replacement plate
for The Putnam County National Bank of Carmel, New York (976). Insufficient numbers of
notes of this type were issued from the bank to warrant replacing the first plate as a result of
wear. The replacement plate was prepared in 1897 to replace a patented letter title block
layout with an artistic layout. National Numismatic Collection, Smithsonian Institution
photos.
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Table 3. Plate lettering for the Series of 1902 face plates for The First and Second
National Banks of Allegheny, Pennsylvania (198, 776) on which the post office
location was changed to Pittsburgh.
Script
Type 5-5-5-5 10-10-10-20 Location Date Certified Comment
First National Bank (198):
1902RS A-B-C-A Allegheny Feb 26, 1903 altered to D-E-F-B
1902DB D-E-F-B Allegheny Aug 24, 1908 altered to Pittsburgh G-H-I-C
1902DB G-H-I-C Pittsburgh Mar 15, 1909 letters should not advance
1902DB A-B-C-D Pittsburgh Mar 18, 1909 new plate
Second National Bank (776):
1902RS A-B-C-A Allegheny Jan 5, 1905 altered to D-E-F-B
1902DB D-E-F-B Allegheny Aug 25, 1908 altered to Pittsburgh D-E-F-B
1902PB A-B-C-D Allegheny Oct 31, 1917 altered to Pittsburgh A-B-C-D
1902PB A-B-C-D Pittsburgh Dec 20, 1917
1902DB D-E-F-B Pittsburgh Dec 20, 1917
Figure 8. The script location on the plate for The First National Bank of Allegheny,
Pennsylvania (198), was altered by means of a Comptroller-imposed title change to show the
new post office location after Allegheny was incorporated into Pittsburgh. The lettering was
advanced on this plate despite the convention that letters should be left unchanged on altered
plates. This is the only known case of advanced letters on an altered plate outside of ?or other
securities? alterations. National Numismatic Collection, Smithsonian Institution photos.
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The Allegheny exception almost makes sense in the context of the times during which the alteration
was carried out. The plate was originally made in 1903 as a red seal face lettered A-B-C-A. It was altered
into a date back face in 1908, and re-lettered D-E-F-B. Bureau of Engraving and Printing personnel still
were heavily involved in the date back conversions when the script Allegheny was changed to Pittsburgh
in March 1909. Without drawing a distinction, they advanced the letters to G-H-I-C on the Pittsburgh plate
as well. This is the only example I have seen where letters were advanced on an altered plate outside of the
date back conversions. See Table 3.
Removal of the Word ?The?
A few bankers dropped the word ?The? from their titles, mostly following mergers. If such a title
change occurred mid-series, the expedient way to handle the change was to simply alter the existing plates
by removing ?The? from them.
Date Back Alterations
The Emergency Currency Act of May 30, 1908, required that all Series of 1882 and 1902 face
plates include the clause ?or other securities.? Approximately 10,000 plates were altered to comply with
this act. The plate letters on those plates were advanced as they were altered. This represents the only
situation when plate letters were supposed to change on altered plates.
Table 4 shows the interesting result when the Series of 1882 brown back 10-10-10-20 A-B-C-A
and 10-10-10-10 D-E-F-G plates for The First National Bank of Chickasha, Oklahoma (5431) were altered
to their date back forms. The altered 10-10-10-20 was mis-lettered D-E-F-B. The letters D, E and F on the
$10s had already been used on the 10-10-10-10 brown back plate.
The error was discovered, so the $10 subjects on the plate were re-lettered L-M-N. Sufficient time
had elapsed between the time the error was made and corrected to allow printings to have been made, but
they weren?t. The 10-10-10-20 date back version of the plate never was sent to press.
REENTERED PLATES
Reentering was very common throughout the large size national bank note issues because it cost
effectively prolonged the life of plates. Fundamental design elements often were modified during Series of
1875 and 1882 reentries. Modifications included changing manufacturer imprints, using different
engravings for the vignettes, and even updating the Treasury signatures for a short period in 1878.
Reentry in the Series of 1902 mostly involved reentering the portraits because they were the first
design element to exhibit wear. Typical Series of 1902 plates lasted for about 35,000 impressions. However,
as one example, the Series of 1902 $5 plates for The First National Bank of the City of New York (29)
averaged more than 60,000 impressions. Such high yields indicate that many of those plates were reentered,
sometimes more than once.
Table 4. Plate lettering error on a Series of 1882 date back
1 -10-10-20 face plate for The First National Bank of
Chick a, Oklahoma (5431).
10-10-10-20 10-10-10-10 Date Certified Comment
I dian Territory Series of 1882 brown back face plates:
A-B-C-A Aug 24, 1900
D-E-F-G Sep 8, 1906
Oklahoma Seri s of 1882 brown back face plates:
A-B-C-A Jan 28, 1908 altered to D-E-F-B
D-E-F-G Jan 28, 1908 altered to H-I-J-K
Oklahoma Series of 1882 date back face plates:
H-I-J-K Dec 12, 1908
D-E-F-B May 14, 1909 $10s mislettered
L-M-N-B Aug 4, 1909 $10s relettered
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Figure 9. This Chickasha Series of 1882 brown back 10-10-10-20 plate was mis-lettered
D-E-F-B when it was altered into a date back, because D-E-F-G already had been used on
a 10-10-10-10 brown back plate. The $10s had to be re-lettered L-M-N as shown. Neither
the mis-lettered nor corrected plate was used. National Numismatic Collection,
Smithsonian Institution photos.
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Figure 10. The first and third titles for this Buffalo, New York, bank were identical. A
new plate was made for each title, so these three notes?all from the C plate position?are
from different plates. Notice that the plates for the first and third titles were identical in
every respect! Photos courtesy of Heritage Auction Archives.
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IDENTICAL SERIES OF 1902 PLATES
The convention of copying the plate date from the most recent plate onto new title plates, which
went into effect April 12, 1919, led to the manufacture of a few totally identical Series of 1902 face plates.
Here is how this happened.
In cases where there were multiple title changes from 1919 forward, the pre-1919 date on the early
plate was propagated forward onto all the new plates. Consequently, if the bank readopted the same title as
appeared on the pre-1919 plate, the new plate had the same: (1) title, (2) plate date and (3) Treasury
signatures. Plate lettering also would start at A for each denomination because the convention was to restart
lettering with the advent of a new title.
The only variable could be the wording in the security clause. Post-April 1919 plates utilized
?deposited with the U. S. Treasurer? rather than ?or other securities.? The only way the pre-1919 plate
could have a Adeposited with the U. S. Treasurer@ security clause would for it to have been a red seal face
made prior to May 30, 1908, or a blue seal face made after June 30, 1915.
Two questions arise: (1) did all of these factors, including the same security clause, converge, and
(2) if they did, how were the new plates handled? Everything did align for two banks: Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania (539) and Buffalo, New York (11768). In each case, the first and third titles were identical.
Bureau personnel used the pre-1919 plates bearing the common title as models and duplicated every detail
when making the new plates.
The first use of The Philadelphia National Bank (539) title occurred on the Series of 1902 red seal
5-5-5-5 A-B-C-D and 10-10-10-20 A-B-C-A face plates in 1904. One would expect the Bureau personnel
to reuse the old plates in 1928, but this was impossible because they had been destroyed. New plates had
to be prepared. Printings for the first and third titles respectively involved red seals and blue seal plain
backs, making for colorful matched pairs.
The case of the duplicate use of The Community National Bank of Buffalo (11768) title is even
more interesting. The first Series of 1902 5-5-5-5 A-B-C-D and 10-10-10-20 A-B-C-A plates were made
for that bank in 1920 upon being chartered. The title was changed to the Community-South Side National
Bank in 1925, and back to The Community National Bank in 1926. Plates were made for each of these
titles, and plate lettering began at A for each denomination. The plates bearing the first and third titles were
identical in every respect. All were used to print Series of 1902 blue seal plain backs.
MULTIPLE PLATE USAGE FOR LARGE BANKS
The demand for notes for the largest banks was so great that more than one plate of a given
combination was in use at the same time. An example involves the Series of 1882 brown back and date
back issues for The Nevada National Bank of San Francisco. Notice from Table 2 that two 10-10-10-20
plates were altered into date back plates in 1908, revealing that both were in active use at that time.
Consequently, it is possible to find pairs of notes from the same plate combination on which the plate letters
appear to be out of order relative to the serial numbers.
David Grant showed me a pair of $5 Series of 1902 plain backs from The National Bank of
Commerce in St. Louis (4178) that carry serials 763447 and 785878, respectively from positions D3 and Xx
on the 13th and 12th 5-5-5-5 plates. Obviously those two plates were on the presses at the same time.
OUT-OF-ORDER USAGE OF PLATES
Robert Kvederas showed me a case where the Series of 1902 5-5-5-5 plate letters for The Textile
National Bank of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (7522) followed this progression: (1) plate A-B-C-D for red
seals from 1905-1908; (2) altered plate E-F-G-H for blue seal date backs 1908-1914, (3) replacement plate
I-J-K-L for blue seal date and plain backs 1914-1924, and finally (4) E-F-G-H again for the blue seal plain
backs 1924 to 1929.
The proofs revealed that when the I-J-K-L plate showed wear in 1924, the old E-F-G-H plate was
reentered instead and restored to service. The result was out of sequence lettering relative to the serial
numbers on the late blue seal plain backs. This phenomenon occurs in the issues for other banks as well,
but it is unusual.
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CONVENTION WENT OUT THE WINDOW
A Comptroller-imposed title change caused a particularly unusual situation to occur with the 5-5-
5-5 and 10-10-10-20 Series of 1882 plates for The Mystic River National Bank, Mystic River, Connecticut
(645). Mystic River lost its post office in 1887, then it location was renamed West Mystic, and the post
office in Mystic Bridge that served it after 1887 was renamed Mystic in 1890. The Comptroller=s clerks
imposed a title change in 1899 to reflect all of this! The script post office location of Mystic River was
accordingly changed to Mystic.
Breaking with tradition, they ordered new plates to reflect the change, instead of simply having
Mystic River changed to Mystic in the postal location on the existing plates. The plate letters on the old
plates would not have been changed had they been altered.
The title change in effect was being treated as a formal title change. With new plates being prepared
to mark the event, plate lettering should have started over at A for each denomination. This didn?t happen.
The letters on the new plates were respectively advanced to E-F-G-H and D-E-F-B on the 5-5-5-5 and 10-
10-10-20 plates.
The lettering treated the plates as replacement plates. The letters on them were totally out of
character for new plates made to reflect a formal title change or for altered plates to reflect a Comptroller-
imposed title change. The outcome simply was strange and unprecedented!
Figure 11. Normally a Comptroller imposed title change to update the postal location would
have been handled by altering Mystic River to Mystic on the plate (top) with no change in the
plate letters. Instead, a new plate was ordered as if the change was formally requested by the
bankers, which would have caused lettering to start over (bottom). Neither protocol was
followed in this interesting instance. National Numismatic Collection, Smithsonian
Institution photos.
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SUMMARY
Plate letters were used on national bank notes in order to distinguish between subjects of the same
denomination on a sheet. Original Series replacement plates were prepared by the bank note companies and
were virtually identical to those that they replaced right down to the use of identical plate letters. The
sequential advancement of plate letters on replacement plates was a Bureau of Engraving and Printing
innovation that commenced in 1878 within the Series of 1875.
Plates were commonly altered in order to display new information. The convention was not to
change plate letters on altered plates, the one exception being that lettering was advanced on Series of 1882
and 1902 face plates when the securities clause was altered so they could be used to print date backs.
The plate letters were left as was when plates were reentered.
REFERENCES CITED AND SOURCES OF DATA
Bureau of Engraving and Printing, 1875-1929a, Certified proofs of national bank note face and back plates: National Numismatic
Collections, Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
Bureau of Engraving and Printing, 1875-1929b, National bank note face plate history ledgers: Record Group 318, U. S. National
Archives, College Park, MD
Bureau of Engraving and Printing, various dates, Correspondence to and from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing: Record Group
318, U. S. National Archives, College Park, MD.
Ridgely, William B., July 23, 1906, Circular letter to the cashiers of national banks advising them of the availability of 10-10-10-
10 plates: Comptroller of the Currency form 2116, Washington, DC.
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How the 1914 FRN
Serial No. 1
San Francisco Red Seals
Were saved
by Lee Lofthus
On April 29, 2011, Heritage Auctions sold a complete Serial Number 1 denomination set
of Series of 1914 Federal Reserve notes from the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
Documents at the National Archives in College Park, Maryland, reveal how these phenomenal
notes came to be saved over a hundred years ago.
Figure 1. If you think a number 1 1914 red seal Federal Reserve note is a show stopper, think
about having a denomination set of them from the same district! Heritage Auction archives photo.
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The Series 1914 Federal Reserve notes were new in every sense. They were an entirely
new class of bank currency. The designs were distinctly modern. Their backing provided an
elasticity that gold certificates, silver certificates, and national bank notes could not match. As the
first appointees of the just-created Federal Reserve Board began their jobs, one of the members
wanted to save the very first notes from his hometown district.
Creation of the Federal Reserve System
The Federal Reserve Act was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on December
23, 1913. The Act established a central banking function for the nation with a governing board of
seven members: five appointed by the President with the approval of the Senate, plus the Secretary
of the Treasury and the Comptroller of the Currency as ex officio members. See Figure 2.
The locations of the now-familiar twelve Federal Reserve districts were decided upon by
Figure 2. The first members of the Federal Reserve Board, 1914. Back row, left to right: banker Paul
M. Warburg; Comptroller of the Currency John Skelton Williams; banker William P. G. Harding;
professor Adolph C. Miller. Front row: attorney Charles Sumner Hamlin, Governor of the Board
(now called Chair); Secretary of the Treasury William Gibbs McAdoo; Vice Governor and railroad
executive Frederic A. Delano. Adolph Miller, upper right, sought to save the No. 1 Federal Reserve
notes from his hometown of San Francisco. Library of Congress photo, control no. (LCN)
2014698007.
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April of 1914, but the banks did not begin operation until November 16, 1914. The delay was
caused in part by waiting for adequate supplies of Federal Reserve notes to be on hand when the
banks opened. Meanwhile, the five appointed members of the Board were sworn into office on
August 10, 1914.
Federal Reserve Notes
Section 16 of the Act provided for the issue of Federal Reserve notes. The notes were to
be identified by a distinctive letter and serial number convention assigned to each Federal Reserve
district. They were backed by United States bonds bearing the circulation privilege, but unlike
national bank notes, the Federal Reserve banks could issue currency in excess of their capital stock,
thus providing the desperately needed elasticity to the notes.
Figure 3. The first $5 and $10 notes were issued to the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
on December 10, 1914. The higher denominations shown above arrived months later, delaying
delivery of Miller?s set of notes until May 1915. Heritage Auctions archive photos.
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The new Federal Reserve notes were redeemable in
gold on demand at the Treasury building in Washington or in
gold or lawful money at any Federal Reserve bank. Issue of the
notes was the responsibility of the Federal Reserve ?agent? in
each district. The chairman of each of the twelve district banks
served as the agent for his respective bank.
Many numismatic references describe the Series of
1914 Federal Reserve notes as plain in appearance. The head
of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing thought just the
opposite. In his annual report for 1914, Joseph E. Ralph, the
bureau?s director, said ?It is believed that the designs for these
new notes are the most suitable and the most beautiful that have
ever been placed on our paper issues. The backs are even more
artistic than the faces and at the same time afford the greatest
possible protection again counterfeiting.?
The Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
The Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco opened
with less than 25 employees working in rented office space in
the back of the
old Merchants
National Bank
of San Francisco. It had been only eight years since
the great 1906 earthquake devastated San
Francisco, but the city rebuilt and continued its
progress as a dynamic banking center, and it
became the choice for the western-most district.
The bank served the states of California, Idaho,
Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and most of
Arizona. It also served the territories of Alaska and
Hawaii.
The Chairman and Agent for the bank was
John C. Perrin, a Pasadena, California, banker who
had worked for the passage of the Federal Reserve
legislation.
Adolph C. Miller
Adolph Caspar Miller was appointed a
member of the first Federal Reserve Board on
August 10, 1914, and served until February 3, 1936.
He was born in San Francisco in 1866. Miller
earned his bachelor?s degree from the University of
California, and a master?s degree from Harvard
University. He spent over 20 years teaching, first
economics at Harvard, then history and politics at
the University of California, and later finance at
Cornell and then the University of Chicago.
Figure 4. John Perrin,
Chairman and Federal Reserve
Agent for the Federal Reserve
Bank of San Francisco. Perrin
and his board agreed to set aside
the No. 1 notes of each
denomination for Adolph Miller.
Library of Congress photo LCN
2016884243.
Figure 5. Adolph Miller was a professor of
economics and finance, not a banker. The
Federal Reserve Act required at least two of
the five appointed members to have banking
or finance experience. The Act directed the
President to ensure the board had
commercial, industrial and geographic
diversity. Library of Congress photo LCN
2016865736.
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Miller entered government in 1913 as assistant to the secretary of the Interior, and
Woodrow Wilson appointed him to the Federal Reserve Board in the summer of 1914.
The San Francisco Serial Number 1 Notes
While Miller?s academic career took him across the country, and he ultimately landed in
Washington on the Federal Reserve Board, he kept his fondness for his hometown of San
Francisco. Accordingly, after the Federal Reserve banks opened in mid-November, Miller
contacted Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Chairman John Perrin and inquired whether the
bank would allow him to purchase the serial number 1 notes.
The following letters describe what transpired:
December 4, 1914
Dear Professor Miller,
At a full meeting of the board yesterday it was the unanimous opinion, and so voted, that we
would have great pleasure in granting your request to set apart for your purchase No. 1 of our
Federal Reserve notes of each denomination.
Yours faithfully,
John Perrin
Federal Reserve Agent
December 10, 1914
Dear Mr. Perrin,
I am in receipt of your favor of the 4th inst., advising me that your board had unanimously
voted to set apart for my purchase No. 1 of each denomination of the Federal reserve notes as
they are issued. Will you please convey to the Board my warm appreciation for its kindness.
I enclose herewith my check for $185.00 on the First National Bank of Berkeley, with which you
can in such way as you may deem to be convenient and proper take up these notes as they are
issued for circulation.
Faithfully yours.
A. C. Miller
December 10, 1914
Dear Professor Miller:
The first Federal Reserve notes have today been issued to this bank, $420,000 in fives and
tens. I personally took precaution to have the No. 1 of each denomination put aside to be held for
you until notes of the other denominations have been received.
Respectfully,
John Perrin
Federal Reserve Agent
December 15, 1914:
Dear Professor Miller:
Your letter of the 10th instant containing your check for $185 has been received. Federal
Reserve notes of $5. and $10. denomination have been left in the paying teller?s cash, placed in
a sealed envelope marked with your name and contents. There is no telling just how much delay
there will be in our receiving denominations of $20., $50., and $100. It therefore seems advisable
that I return your check, which is enclosed herewith.
When we get the set complete, I will advise you and you may then send check payable to this
bank.
I have taken occasion to repeat the instructions regarding these to all those responsible for
handling the notes in order there be no slip in complying with your wishes.
Yours faithfully,
John Perrin.
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December 21, 1914:
Dear Mr. Perrin:
Your letter of December 15th returning Mr. Miller?s check for $185.00 is at hand. Mr. Miller
is very much pleased to know you have set aside for him notes Nos. 1 of the five and ten dollar
denominations; and upon receipt of word from you that the Notes of twenty, fifty and one hundred
dollar denominations are ready, he will be very glad to send his check as you suggest.
Sincerely yours,
Ray M. Gidney
Private Secretary to Professor Miller
May 24, 1915:
Dear Professor Miller:
Enclosed herewith by registered mail $185.00 in Federal Reserve notes, consisting of note No.
1 of each denomination.
Respectfully,
John Perrin, Chairman of the Board
John Perrin died in 1931 at age 74. Adolph Miller died in 1953 at age 86. Miller?s serial
No. 1 set was meticulously preserved when it reached the numismatic market in 2011.
Ironically, after sending its No. 1 notes to Adolph Miller, the Federal Reserve Bank of San
Francisco?s currency collection still holds a Series of 1914 No. 1 Red Seal. It is the G1A Chicago
$50. I have no idea how that happened.
Figure 6. Red seal FRNs were short-lived. The notes were plagued with serious fading of the red seals
and serial numbers. Treasury Secretary McAdoo approved the change to blue seals and serials
August 9, 1915. The first blue seal notes were delivered to the FRB of Dallas. Heritage Auctions
archives photo.
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Sources
Federal Reserve Act, original document signed by President Woodrow Wilson:
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/federal-reserve-act-966
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco history: https://www.frbsf.org/our-district/about/our-history/ &
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/annual-report-federal-reserve-bank-san-francisco-476/forty-years-federal-
reserve-banking-economic-growth-twelfth-federal-reserve-district-1914-1954-18418
Federal Reserve history: https://www.federalreservehistory.org/time-period/feds-formative-years , and Allan Meltzer,
A History of the Federal Reserve. vol. 1, 1913-1951. Univ Chicago Press, 2003.
Federal Reserve large size notes and their origin: Huntoon/Yakes/Murray/Lofthus, The Series of 1914 and 1918
Federal Reserve Notes, Paper Money, May/June 2012 at https://www.spmc.org/home
Miller, Perrin correspondence: Records of the Federal Reserve System, Board of Governors, Central Subject File
1913-1954, Record Group 82/450/64/35/6 Box 2601, File 610 FRNotes 1914-1915.
Miller biography: https://www.federalreservehistory.org/people
Ralph. Joseph, quote: Bureau of Engraving and Printing Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1914, Oct. 28, 1914, p. 9.
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High Serial Discovery
$2 LT Series of 1928C Mule
Small size U.S. variety collector Derek Higgins reeled in the highest reported serial number yet
found on a $2 Legal Tender 1928C mule from eBay in March 2023. His find is C03473448A L180/290,
which extends the known range by over half a million serials. The total reported range is now B97675359A-
C03473448A, a ten percent increase.
A mule is defined as a note with a micro-size plate serial number on one side and a macro on the
other. This 1928C mule variety is characterized by a micro-size plate serial number on the face and a macro
on the back. Such mules resulted from a mix of micro and macro plates on both the back and face presses
during a transition period after the size of the plate serial numbers was increased at the request of the Secret
Service so their agents could read the numbers on worn notes.
The last Series of 1928C face plates were retired February 12, 1940. Consequently, the only macro
backs that could have been mated with them to produce mules had to be printed before then. There were
two such back printings. The first was a temporary early use of macro back plates between August 22 and
September 7, 1939. The second began four and a half months later on January 22, 1940 when the macro
back plates went into sustained regular production.
All the known $2 Series of 1928C mules came from the August 22-September 7, 1939 press run.
In contrast, the macro backs that were printed beginning January 22, 1940 were mated with 1928D faces
later in 1940 owing to the lag time between back and face printings.
The production of the Series of 1928C mules is inseparable from the equally scarce $2 Series of
1928D BA block non-mules. All the macro backs on the 1928D BA block notes were from the same August
22-September 7, 1939 press run. The use of 1928D faces had begun March 13, 1939 so the macro backs
from that run served as the first macro back feed stock for them as well.
The first $2 serial number printed in 1940 was C00872001A so the last of the serials in the BA
block were used on the 1928C mules and the first of the 1928D non-mules in late 1939.
The important early use of the macro backs owes its origin to a sudden temporary surge in $2 back
production between August 11 and September 7, 1939 when about five million backs were ordered.
Maximum production was reached on August 22 when eight of the newly available macro back plates were
added to the presses to augment production from 26 micros.
The Paper
Column
Peter Huntoon
Figure 1. The serial number on this Series of 1928C mule printed in early 1940 extends the
known serial number range for the variety by 10%. Derek Higgins photo.
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A total of 27 different micro back plates were used between August 11 and September 7, one being
phased out before the eight macros were added on August 22. Production from the eight macros accounted
for about 20 percent of the backs printed during this period.
The backs moved forward to face production on or slightly before September 8, and were finished
by December 15. At the time, about 43 percent of face production involved micro Series of 1928C plates,
as a result, many of the macro backs found themselves muled with 1928C faces. These scarce 1928C mules
were the result. Serial numbering of the group commenced at the end of December and ended in January.
The most exciting find yet to be made in the$2 1928 Legal Tender series is a 1928C mule star note.
It is possible no examples were printed; however, there is nothing to preclude it.
Any change in our understanding of the production of scarce varieties such as these 1928C mules
and 1928D BA non-mules is newsworthy. Specimens gradually have leaked into the market over the
decades, most being in low grades. There were no collectors who were even aware of their existence let
alone saving them back when they were current. At present, no true uncirculated examples have been found
of either variety.
Sources of Data
Huntoon, Peter, Sep-Oct 1992, The $2 Legal Tender Series of 1928C and 1928D mules: Paper Money, v. 31, p. 156-161, 169.
Huntoon, Peter, Jan-Feb 1997, $2 legal tender Series of 1928C mules and Series of 1928D BA block non-mules: Paper Money, v.
36, p.7-12.
Huntoon, Peter, May-Jun 2001, Profile of two rarities, $2 legal tender Series of 1928C mule & Series of 1928D BA block non-
mule: Paper Money, v. 40, p. 218-228.
Huntoon, Peter, Jul-Aug 2012, Origin of marco plate numbers laid to Secret Service: Paper Money, v. 51, p. 294, 296, 316.
Huntoon, Peter, Mar-Apr 2023, Legal tender Series of 1928 non-star serial number ranges: Paper Money, v. 62, p. 100-110
T ble 1. R ported serial number ranges for the $2 LT Series of 1928 varieties.
Seri s Treas.-Sec'ry First or Low Delivered Last or High Delivered First or Low Last or High
1928 Tate-Mellon A00000001A Apr 24, 1929 A96520744A 1933 *00000001A *00688584A
1928A Woods-Mellon A51108220A 1930 B08965670A 1934 *00732343A *01055383A
19 8B Woods-Mills A86398443A 1933 B09004381A 1934 *00942054A *01053286A
19 8C Julian-Morganthau B09008001A Jun 15, 1934 C25426677A 1941 *01062930A *02039694A
1928C mule Julian-Morganthau B97675354A 1939 C03473448A 1940 none reported
1928D mule Julian-Morganthau B86933784A 1939 D08430054A 1944 *01875119A *02619482A
1928D Julian-Morganthau B97269954A 1939 D35923578A 1946 *01972969A *03215773A
1928E Julian-Vinson D29712001A Feb 25, 1946 D39755123A 1947 *03212775A *03227372A
1928F Julian-Snyder D36192001A Sep 25, 1946 D82673798A 1950 *03236520A *03644508A
1928G Clark-Snyder D78552001A Jan 16, 1950 E30760000A May 6, 1953 *03648001A *04152000A
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Union Occupation and the Fate of Baugh?s Cotton Mill in Alabama
by?Bill?Gunther?and?Charles?Derby?
In the months leading to the Civil War, most Northerners, including President Abraham Lincoln, believed that
many white Southerners were against secession. On this basis, Lincoln thought that a ?conciliatory? approach to any
occupation of Southern lands would foster Union support among these Southerners, and so he directed the Union
military to follow this approach. Events would soon belie such beliefs, and the Union policy toward occupied North
Alabama changed to one of aggression. Richard B. Baugh and his cotton manufacturing company is an example of
how this change in policy affected the lives, commerce, and money in Alabama during and after the War.
The Importance of Cotton Mills in the South
Cotton, both in its raw form and as thread on spindles, was a key export for the South that generated important
?hard money.? At the beginning of the Civil War, the South had 14 cotton mills, most located in North Alabama
along the Tennessee Valley, a major cotton growing area. One of these mills was the Cabaniss Cotton Spinning
Factory, which was the first mill in North Alabama and, in fact, the first in Alabama. It began operations sometime
before 1820. Another was the Bell Factory, ?the most widely known antebellum mill in the state due to its high level
of production.? The Flint Manufacturing Company opened in 1850 and the McFarland Mill sometime before 1860.
Of the 915 cotton mills in the United States in 1860, almost half were in the South. Most were small companies,
although one mill employed some 2,000 workers.
These mills became critically important to the South as it desperately tried to meet the clothing needs of its rapidly
growing army. Confederate Quartermaster-General Abraham C. Myers recognized limitations in the ability of
existing Southern cotton mills to meet the clothing needs of an initial army of 100,000 troops. A partial solution to
the immediate problem was to pay troops ?commutation? money of $21 for six months in lieu of clothing and to
allow troops to purchase their needs from the private market. Myers later admitted that ?for the first two years of the
war, no arrangements had been completed by which clothing could be supplied to the troops.? The Confederate
States Constitution prohibited the government from ?fostering domestic industry,? so Myers could do very little to
subsidize or directly engage with private mills. Consequently, the existing cotton mills in North Alabama were
critically important in supplying the Confederate army with as much as they could produce.
Rules of Engagement in 1861 to 1862
The ?conciliatory? approach of President Lincoln regarding private property in occupied North Alabama led to a
policy of continuing production in all cotton mills but using the products only for Union needs, thus depriving the
?enemy? of these critical resources. Thus, cotton mills were left intact, but with a requirement that owners or
managers sign a bond promising that production would not be provided, directly or indirectly, to the Confederate
government. Such was the case with Robert B. Baugh, owner of a cotton mill in Florence, Alabama.
This 10-cent note issued by cotton manufacturer Baugh, Kennedy & Co. in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, on July 18, 1865
(Gunther & Derby AO-451-$.10a), helps tell the story of how the Civil War affected not only the businesses of
Southerners but also their money.
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With the mills continuing production but unable to sell to the Confederate government, local warehouses filled
up quickly. Robert Patton, a wealthy factory owner, wrote to Alabama Governor John Gill Shorter that ?the cotton
and woolen factorys (sic) of Lauderdale County have entered into [an agreement] not to sell the goods made by them
to the Confederate Government.? Foreign markets were closed due to the Union embargo, and Northern markets
were closed due to the prohibition of all trade between the North and South. Patton?s recommendation to Gov. Shorter
was to launch a military offensive to drive the occupiers from the area, thus freeing up inventory for the Southern
market. Either directly or indirectly, those goods would be sold to the Confederate government, most likely at
?speculative? prices.
A military offensive was not needed, however, since the Union occupiers were directed to move in support of a
military offensive near the Ohio River. Before the cotton goods could reach the Southern markets, however, a
Confederate quartermaster ?impressed? the goods, including those of Robert Baugh, at ?prices greatly below the
market price.? This action violated the bonds of Baugh and other mill owners and placed them and their plants at
risk when the Union army returned.
Rules of Engagement in 1863 to 1865
U. S. General Ormsby MacKnight Mitchel commanded the Army of Ohio when it arrived in North Alabama in
April 1862. Gen. Mitchel believed that conciliation was ?conditional? on the population?s ?willingness to be
conciliated? and he was willing to adjust that policy in real time. His position would be tested by local residents who
began a pattern of defiance that included cutting communication lines, killing troops, shooting into trains, and burning
cotton to prevent it from being ?impressed? by Union forces. Gen. Mitchel substituted conciliation with ?punitive
civil-military policy designed to overwhelm? civil disobedience. Gen. Mitchel stated that in the future, such acts
would be punished by death, ?if the perpetrators can be identified.? In addition, captured cotton was sold by
occupying troops to Northern merchants. An estimated 6,000 bales of cotton were ?purchased? or otherwise taken
according to this policy. This deprived Southern cotton growers of income and the Confederacy of raw material
necessary for production of uniforms, tents, and other supplies.
A new policy regarding civil disobedience ? General Order 100 ? was issued on April 24, 1863. This order
allowed for the destruction of all non-combatant civilian property. U.S. General Henry Wager Halleck, commander
in the Western Theater and largely the author of General Order 100, stated his position to General William T.
Sherman: ?I would destroy every mill and factory within reach which I did not want for my own use.?
Southern Scrip: Evidence of Civilian Opposition
Southerner?s negative views toward the occupiers is apparent from scrip notes issued by North Alabama
merchants. When Union occupiers were in town, merchant scrip was redeemable in ?Current Bank notes,? but when
troops left the area, merchant scrip became redeemable in ?Confederate Notes.? Examples of this change in scrip are
given in the accompanying figure.
The Case of Cotton Mill Owner Richard B. Baugh
Richard Batte Baugh and his cotton manufacturing firm Baugh, Kennedy & Co. is an example of the devastating
effects of the changing Northern policy on a Southern business. Baugh was born on September 7, 1817, in Giles
County, Tennessee, about six miles north of the Alabama state line. By 1830, his family had relocated to Florence,
in Lauderdale County, Alabama, where his father engaged in farming with the help of 13 slaves. Cotton was likely
his main crop. By 1840, Richard?s father had passed away, and Richard had inherited 12 of his father?s slaves and
continued to farm cotton, although that would change with time.
Richard Baugh married Virginia Washington Leftwich (1820-1904) in 1840. By 1850, they had one son, and four
more boys would join the family by 1862 with twins born that year. In 1850, Richard still had 12 slaves but he now
claimed his occupation to be ?county clerk? with a modest amount of real estate valued at only $1,400. By 1860, he
listed his occupation as factory superintendent because he was now in the cotton manufacturing business and his 18
slaves worked in the factory. Richard reported real estate valued at $5,000 and personal estate a healthy $32,500.
In the early fall of 1862, Baugh, along with other mill owners, entered into an agreement, under bond, with the
occupying Union forces, promising not to sell anything from their cotton mills and other factories to the Confederate
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government. They continued production, but rather than sell to the Union they placed those goods in local
warehouses. Confederate Quartermaster Major George W. Jones, on sick leave to the area, became aware of the large
stock of cotton goods and immediately impressed them for the Confederate government. This seizure violated, albeit
involuntarily, the bond given by the local cotton mills. When the Union forces returned to the area in 1863, Baugh?s
mill, along with others, were burned by General Grenville M. Dodge. Sometime after the loss of his factory, Baugh
made his way 100 miles south to Tuscaloosa, where in 1863 he purchased the house shown here.
By 1865, Baugh had entered into a partnership with John Spinks Kennedy, a friend from Florence. Kennedy was
born on October 1, 1818, in Moore County,
North Carolina. His family moved to
Lauderdale County in the fall of 1828 where his
father, Hiram, was a gunsmith and planter who
in 1840 owned 28 slaves. John Kennedy was
educated at LaGrange College and became a
lawyer. He quickly engaged in local politics and
served for three terms in Alabama?s General
Assembly from Lauderdale Country. Although
there is no direct evidence that Kennedy and
Baugh were partners in Florence, they likely had
some relationship, perhaps Kennedy was
Baugh?s lawyer.
In 1863, Kennedy had also[BG1][O2] moved
from Florence to Tuscaloosa, and together
Baugh and Kennedy formed Baugh, Kennedy &
Co., cotton manufacturers on the city?s eastern
outskirts. They had a large plant with 5,000
spindles and 120 looms that used 1,000 bales of
raw cotton per year. The plant employed upward of 115 workers, and to accommodate their employees, they built a
town, named Kennedale after founder John S. Kennedy. On April 4, 1865, just five days before the surrender at
Appomattox, Union General John T. Croxton burned the ?cotton thread and cloth mill of Baugh, Kennedy & Co.?
This was the second time that Baugh was burned out of business by Union troops.
Richard Baugh?s house in Tuscaloosa, purchased in 1863 for $23,000 in
Confederate money. From Brown & Brown, 2010 (p. 77). The home was
restored and repositioned on this lot in the 1920s and still exists today.
Changes in scrip notes when Union troops occupied Alabama mill towns. Top row: Notes from merchants Hancock &
Jones in Florence, Alabama, from January 1, 1862, were redeemable in ?current Bank Notes? (left, AO-198-$.05a), but
notes issued later in 1862 were redeemable in ?Confederate Notes? (right, AO-198-$.50a). Bottom row: Notes from
Johnson House in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1862 were ?Redeemable in Current Bank Notes? (left, AO-247-$.05a), but
later they were ?Redeemable in Current Bank or Confederate Notes? (right, AO-247-$.05b).
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The Scrip of Baugh and Kennedy
The Baugh, Kennedy & Co. 10-cent scrip shown earlier was issued ?By Military Authority? and dated July 18,
1865, which indicates that their cotton mill was back in operation by that time after the war. The average daily wage
for adult females in the cotton goods industry in the South in 1860 was 71 cents, so a 10-cent note would probably
represent the hourly rate in 1865. The 1870 Census records indicate that both Baugh and Kennedy were still in the
cotton manufacturing business, but Baugh showed no assets while Kennedy listed assets of $79,000, which is $1.7
million in 2021 dollars. Reconstruction was apparently hard on Baugh. By 1880, at age 62, Baugh had given up his
dream of manufacturing cotton and was listed as a store clerk. Kennedy also left the cotton business and was
apparently practicing law in Tuscaloosa. The company went bankrupt in the 1880s and was sold, then reincorporated
as Tuscaloosa Manufacturing Company. When the owner of that company died in 1896, the mill was placed in
receivership. The town?s name was changed from Kennedale to Cottondale, which still exists in 2023.
Only two scrip notes have been identified at public
auctions, and both were 10-cent notes. The first note was
in the Walter Jones Collection, serial number 385 and
graded ?Fine,? which sold in September 2001. The second
note (shown in this article) was first sold in 2010, also as a
raw note, and then sold again in 2016. If the serial numbers
are any indication, the company likely issued about one
thousand of these notes. No other notes by this issuer have
been identified.
The End of the Story
The story of Richard Baugh and Baugh, Kennedy &
Co. was likely similar to that of many other Alabama cotton
producers of the time. The initial Union policy of
?conciliatory engagement? was quickly abandoned and
replaced with one of ?burn and destroy? as a reaction to
attacks on Union positions by locals. Relocating further
south from occupied North Alabama offered only
temporary relief to Baugh, who was burned out yet again,
the last time just four days before the end of the War. Baugh
died in 1888 at the age of 70, and Kennedy died in 1899 at
the age of 80, both with memories they would rather forget.
Sources
Ash, Stephen V. When the Yankees Came: Conflict and Chaos in the Occupied South (Chapel Hill: The University of North
Carolina Press, 1995).
Brewer, Willis. Alabama: Her History, Resources, War Record and Public Men (Spartanburg, S.C.: The Reprint Company,
Publishers, 1975, first published in 1872).
Brown, Donald, and Hannah Brown. Tuscaloosa: Yesterday, Today & Tomorrow (Tuscaloosa: Beers & Associates, L.L.C.,
2010), pp. 43 and 77.
Danielson, Joseph Wesley. War?s Desolating Scourge: The Union?s Occupation of North Alabama (Lawrence: University Press
of Kansas, 2012).
Gunther, William, and Charles Derby. A Comprehensive Guide to Alabama Obsolete Notes, 1818-1885 (Privately Printed, 2020).
Halleck, Henry, Wikipedia.
Mitchel, Ormsby MacKnight, Wikipedia.
National Bureau of Economic Research, Wages and Earnings in the United States, 1860-1890, www.nber.org/books/long60-1
Snow, Whitney Adriene. ?Cotton Mill City: The Huntsville Textile Industry, 1880-1989.? Alabama Review, Vol. 63. No. 4,
October 2010, pp. 243-281.
Wilson, Harold S. Confederate Industry: Manufacturers and Quartermasters in the Civil War (Jackson: University Press of
Mississippi, 2002).
?The once splendid Kennedy Foster House dates from 1870
and was one of the few of the so-called mansion class built
in Tuscaloosa during the difficult years of
Reconstruction?.The original owner was a partner in the
Baugh Kennedy and Company, which began Tuscaloosa
County?s first large cotton mill in 1871 at Kennedale (now
Cottondale), East of town.? Today it is a rundown
structure. Brown & Brown, 2010, p. 43.
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4TH ISSUE TREASURY SEAL PLATE PROOF SHEETS
By Jerry Fochtman & Rick Melamed
With the recent transfer of the 4th issue Treasury seal plate sheets from the Bureau of Engraving and Printing to the
Smithsonian Institution, a wealth of new and exciting information in the form of 80+ Treasury seal proof plates, made
specifically for the Liberty note, became available. These sheets, buried in the Treasury since 1891, have finally come
public because of the diligence of Jerry Fochtman (long time Fractional Newsletter editor and researcher) and with the
assistance of researcher Peter Huntoon. Not only was the proof seal design identical to the production notes, but the
seal plate numbers on the proof sheets (regular and inverted) match the dozens known on regular issue Liberty notes.
In this article we will explore the findings which give us a better understanding of how the series was produced. We can
also finally make sense of the seal plate numbering system that has baffled researchers for decades.
The big reveal is the 10? Liberty notes were printed in 2 radically different style sheets. The plain paper variety
notes (Fr. 1257/58) were produced in a 20-subject sheet (4x5) and the blue end variety (Fr. 1259) were produced in a
T?te-Beche (2x8) layout. Each style sheet had its own ascending plate number sequence; 1-49 for the regular sheet and
1-35 for the T?te-Beche sheet. The style of the font itself used for the plate numbers on the sheets was different, with a
script-style number used for the 4x5 sheets and a block-style number used on the 2x8 sheets. It conclusively answers
why there are different style seal plate numbers; some regular, some script and some inverted for the same plate number.
Discovery #1 ? Plain paper sheets contained (20) Liberty notes
The 1st major discovery was the configuration of individual notes printed on a plain paper sheet. It was assumed that the
Liberty notes were printed in sheets of 16 (4x4) as suggested in Stack?s May 2004 (Sale # III) sale of the vast John J.
Ford collection (image #1). However, when the Treasury seal proof sheets were recently examined, we found there were
actually 20 seals; hence 20 notes (4x5) in the plain paper sheet (Image #2).1
Image 1 ? (16) subject partial Ford/Boyd sheet (courtesy of Stacks Bowers)
1 All 4th issue 10? Liberty notes were produced by 3rd party security printing firms and sent to the Treasury where the Treasury Seal
was then applied prior to cutting the sheets into individual notes and releasing them to the public. As such, the National Currency
Bureau only produced the necessary seal plates, which is why no other plate proofs exist in the Smithsonian archives.
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Image 2 ? (20) Treasury seal proof sheet
We now believe the Ford/Boyd sheet (the only sheet known to exist) was trimmed from 20 notes to 16 notes by the
removal of the top row of notes. We know it was the top row removed since the seal plate number located at the
intersection of the bottom left block of 4 notes on the plate proof was in the same location on the Ford sheet for the same
plate number (The proof sheet in image #2 does not have enough detail to show the plate number in the sheet but have
marked it with a circle?later in this article we show the plate number in an enlargement). The sheet is pedigreed from
the F.C.C. Boyd collection and are all considered unique. Included in the Ford sale was a sheet of the 10? Liberty
(shown), 15? Columbia, 25? Washington and 50? Lincoln. There are no known sheets for the 50? Dexter nor the 50?
Stanton. The 10? Liberty, 15? Columbia, 25? Washington, 50? Lincoln notes along with the reverses only of Dexter and
Stanton 50? notes were engraved and printed by either the American Bank Note Company or the National Bank Note
Company under contract with the Treasury Dept. The Bureau of Engraving and Printing only engraved and printed the
faces of the Dexter and Stanton issues.
The 4th Issue also saw the incorporation of the Treasury Seal on all fractional currency notes from this issue and
going forward to the 5th issue as well. The seal plates were engraved by and printed onto the sheets as the final step
performed by the National Currency Bureau before the notes were turned over to the Treasury Department for release.
This was a method whereby the production by the 3rd party firms could not be used as valid currency if stolen, since only
the Bureau of Engraving and Printing could add the seals thus making the notes legal issue. Since 3rd party security firms
were used to produce the 4th issue notes, there were no plate proofs of face or reverse images among the 1,775 fractional
plate proofs that were in the Bureau of Engraving and Printing archives, which were transferred to the Smithsonian?s
Museum of American History in 2016. However, since the seal plates were engraved by BEP, they too were sequentially
numbered as with most all other plates for identification/inventory/tracking purposes. This is why the various plate
numbers can be seen from time-to-time on various notes in same red ink as the seals. We have been fortunate to have
the ability to examine all the digital images that have been made of the plate proofs that were included in the BEP
accession.
Discovery #2 ? Blue end Liberty notes were printed in a T?te-Beche style
The 2nd discovery was the Treasury seals used in Liberty fractionals were also produced in a second style sheet; a
T?te-Beche 16 note layout (2x8) of the blue fiber end notes (Fr. 1259). (T?te-Beche - French for head to tail - is a note
printed upside down relative to another). Up until now, it was not known that the Liberty fractional was produced in 2
formats. Shown in image #3 is an actual T?te-Beche Treasury seal sheet paired on the right by what an uncut sheet
might have looked like (No blue end Liberty sheets are known to exist, the sheet of notes shown to the right in image
#3 is not real; but rather a digital recreation.)
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Image 3 - T?te-Beche proof sheet (left) ? digitally recreated production sheet (right)
On the proof sheet, please note the (2) seal plate #10?s. One located in the top margin and in regular orientation, the
other located at the intersection of the bottom 4 notes and is inverted.
DISCOVERY #3 ? Better understanding of Liberty seal plate numbers
The 3rd discovery is a more informed understanding of seal plate numbers including the inverted plate numbers that
show up with some frequency. Regarding the inverts, the Treasury seal plates of the T?te-Beche format were engraved
twice on each plate, with a plate number (upside-down and right-side up on opposite ends of each plate). The layout of
the T?te-Beche sheet combined with the upside-down/right side up positioning of the plate numbers makes their
existence on a single note a fairly common occurrence. Additionally, there are different Liberty notes containing the
same plate number which appears either inverted or regular. In a previous article about 4th issue seal plate numbers in
Paper Money we asked rhetorically: ?How were duplicate plate numbers in 2 different styles possible?? Two different
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scenarios were suggested: (1) A single Treasury seal plate may have been engraved twice with the same plate number;
or (2) two separate seal plates were engraved with the same plate number.
The answer is now known albeit somewhat convoluted. There is a single seal plate number engraved on the 4x5
plain paper sheet; and on most of the T?te-Beche Treasury seal sheets, the seal plate number was engraved in two
locations. Since the numbering sequence repeated itself for the different sheet types (starting with #1 in ascending order)
regular sheets or T?te-Beche), it is possible to have 3 different examples of the same plate number. This is illustrated
with plate number 18 (image #4). Shown is an example from the 4x5 layout sheet with an ornate #18? and twice,
regular and inverted - in block style lettering, on the T?te-Beche sheet.
Image #4
SEAL PLATE NUMBER CHARTS
The 4th issue 10? seal plate number charts published in the Rob Kravitz fractional book (A Collector?s Guide to
Postage & Fractional Currency 2012) contained only 41 seal plate number (1-41) of the 10? denomination. The chart
mixed plate numbers of the blue fiber end and plain paper notes?as well as duplicate, but different style seal plate
numbers ? regular and inverted. With all the new information, our understanding has been clarified. We now know
there were at least 84 plates used in production. The updated seal plate charts should now read as follows:
20 Note (4x5) Image Layout ? Plate Numbers: 1-49 (49 plates are known to exist so far except for
number 48 - which was never engraved onto the seal plate). These plate numbers were all engraved
in ornate/script style numbers.
16 Note (2x8) T?te-Beche layout ? Plate Numbers: 1-35 (35 plates are known to exist so far ?
2 plate numbers per sheet - one regular, one inverted). These plate numbers were all engraved in
block-style number.
We state ?known to exist so far? because only the large seal variety of T?te-Beche sigil proof sheets have been
seen/located. We would have to presume that there were more than (35) T?te-Beche seal plates used in the 4th issue 10?
note production as separate plates would have been used for the small seal variety (Fr. 1261). The sheet design plates
of the face were made by the American Bank Note Co. and we don't know how many they made or used, since only the
printed sheets were delivered to the Treasury, who then applied the seals. The same is true for the reverse image plates,
made/printed by the National Bank Note Co. Since any records of the image plates would have been the property of the
respective security printing firm we cannot take the leap from the number of seal plates that we know about to the note
image plates.
PLATE NUMBERS ON BLUE FIBER END FRACTIONALS
This was an ?of course? moment. A T?te-Beche layout with two (2) vertical rows of 8 notes containing a single
blue fiber band down the center of the sheet makes a lot more sense than a 4x5 sheet with several blue fiber bands. We
observed that the T?te-Beche plate numbers were in a plainer font. Shown below are 9 different blue fiber end examples
(image #5); some inverted and some regular. Notice how the plate numbers are always on the blue end, right side of
the note, proving the plate numbers were in the center of the sheet.
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Image 5
ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS
1. Plate number positions on the 4th Issue 10? 2x8 T?te-Beche Sigil Proofs:
a. Plates #1-7 Plate number on top in correct orientation. The number is engraved in such a manner that when
looking at the one on the top of the sheet its right-side up and the number on the bottom is upside down. Flip the
sheet and the same is again true. But then so are the images.
b. Plate #8: The plate number is located in the half-circle of the edge marker and the other is at the other end but at
the intersection of the last 4 notes. The engraved number in both places is the same orientation, so depending on
the orientation of the full image, their either both right-side up, or both upside down.
c. Plate #9: has an underscore to differentiate it as a 9, as
opposed to a 6 (image #6). When the sheet is positioned with
the edge one on the top the 9 is correctly orientated, but the
other 9, located at the intersection of the bottom 4 notes, is
inverted. Note: this is different than plate 8 where they both
were oriented the same way.
d. Plates #10-26, 28-35: Follows the same location and
orientation pattern as plate #9 ?except none are underlined.
e. Plate #27: There is no plate number engraved on the proof
sheet. The sheet itself is both hand-labeled and stamped as
plate #27 (image #7). With the blue end example shown
here, we have to assume the plate number was added after
the proof sheet was produced.
Image 6
Image 7
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2. Plate number positions on the 4th issue 10? 4x5 regular layout sigil proofs
a. Plates #1-47, 49: The plate number is the same orientation as the sigils, so there would be no inverted plate
number. Depending upon the how individual notes were cut from the sheet, the seal plate number could appear
on any of the 4 corners of a note
b. Plate #48: There is no discernable engraved plate number on the proof sheet, only what is stamped and written on
the sheet itself.
3. In all the 4th issue seal/sigil proofs there are no examples with small seals...only large seals. So we don't have data
to know if these were only in one particular layout form or not yet. Still waiting on some more information and until
the Smithsonian re-opens for researchers this cannot be pursued...and we may never really find-out. We do,
however, find it odd that there weren't any sigil plate proof sheets.
4. One doesn't have to measure the seals to determine if it's small (Fr. 1261 ? 38mm) or large (Fr. 1259 ? 40mm). There
is a difference in the shield's border. Milt Friedberg in his Fractional Encyclopedia didn't point it out on the 10?
note, but did on the 15? note.
5. Since the Fr. 1261 also has the blue fibers in the right-end of the note, we can conclude that it is from a T?te-Beche
sheet and therefore, the small seal was from the same layout seal plate. Since the Fr. 1261 is the only note with
small seals, it would be safe to presume that there was at least at one time, more than 1 small seal T?te-Beche plates.
6. There is not a single example of the Fr. 1261 (small seal) with any plate number. All documented plate numbers are
on the Fr. 1257-1259. A search of the Heritage auction archives (over 500 notes) failed to come up with a single Fr.
1261 with a seal plate number. We have to conclude that any seal plate used for the Fr. 1261 had the seal plate
number engraved outside the seal plate area or no plate number was ever engraved onto the plate. One other possible
scenario that comes to mind is when Treasury officials viewed the individual blue end Fr. 1259 large seal notes, they
discovered plate numbers (regular and inverted) made their way to the finished product. We could envision that
they did not like the results and redesigned a new Treasury seal plate and moved the plate number to far edge of the
sheet far enough away from the seals as not to be included when the sheet was cut into individual notes.
7. All of the plate numbers on the 4x5 seal proofs are located at the intersection of the bottom left 4 notes except for
plate #2, which is located at the intersection of the bottom middle 4 notes.
It?s important to restate that the lowermost plate number of
the sheet is located at the intersection of the bottom 4 notes.
That convenient placement lends itself to be easily captured
when the sheet is cut into individual notes. Shown to the left
is an excised image of the bottom 4 seals from the proof sheet
with the seal plate number 10 (enlarged) in the center (image
#8). Also note how the seals on the left are right side up and
the ones on the right are upside down?proving that
unequivocally that blue end Liberty notes were printed in a
T?te-Beche format. At the top is a hand stamp: ?Bureau of
Engraving and Printing Jan 23 1891.?
Image 9. On the Fr. 1261 small seal (left), the border of
the shield is striped as we see from the enlarged ?E? from
the ?TEN? vs. the example on the right which is basically
solid. The shield border enlargements clearly show the
differences.
Small Seal Large
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8. Inverted seal plate numbers only appear on the blue end large seal (Fr. 1259) Liberty notes that were produced in
the T?te-Beche style. There are no inverted seal plate numbers on the plain paper (Fr. 1257-58) Liberty notes
conclusively proven with the examination of the 49 plain paper seal proof sheets.
9. Of the hundreds of Liberty notes with seal plate numbers that have been observed and documented, there is only one
example with a plate number over 40; a single note with plate number 41. Is it possible that sheet plate?s numbers
42-49 were never used in production? Perhaps the introduction of the 5th issue fractional rendered the high numbered
seal plates obsolete.
10. There exist two (2) plates of 5x5 seal proofs, numbered plates 1 & 2. However, these seal plates appear never to
have ever been used. The seal itself is slightly different, as it has a ring around the outer points of the seal, thereby
enclosing the seal within the ring, as opposed to the other seals which had the points at the outer edge of the seal.
There is a ?hint? that the outer ring on the seal may have been removed on the 4x5 plates, as periodically there
appears to be a weak hint of that outer ring around parts of some seals on some plate proofs.
QUESTIONS
1. With the knowledge that the 4th issue Stanton and now the Liberty notes were printed in the T?te-Beche style, it
begs the question about the sheet layouts of the 25? Washington and 15? Columbia blue end notes. Can we
assume that any 4th issue note with blue end fibers would have been produced in a T?te-Beche format?
2. Were the plain paper and T?te-Beche sheets released concurrently or did the T?te-Beche sheet follow the plain
paper variety as an anti-counterfeiting measure?
3. Why were the T?te-Beche sheets engraved with 2 plate numbers and why was the lower number engraved
inverted? The top of the sheet would be easier to discern with a single plate number.
4. Why did the Treasury design a smaller seal? Which came first, the small seal or the large seal? Or were they
released concurrently?
5. Were the other uncut 4th issue sheets from the May 2004 Ford sale (which are presumed unique) also trimmed
from a larger sheet? In the Ford sale there were sheets of (12) 15? Columbia?s, 25? Washington?s and 50?
Lincoln?s. With the knowledge that the Liberty notes were a 20 subject sheet trimmed to 16 notes, is it a
possibility the other denominations were pared down as well?
It is not hyperbole when we state that this is one of the most important fractional discoveries in recent years. It has
given us a much clearer understanding of how this series was produced. It is amazing that this finally reached the collector
community 150 years after they were produced. Who knows what other fascinating information is waiting to be
rediscovered.
Image 10. Shown is an
enlargement of the Treasury seal.
The seal on the left is a regular
seal; the one on the right is the
unused seal with the rounded
circular (un-hashed) border. The
following seals were taken from
the Smithsonian Treasury seal
proofs.
Image 11
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Neither Chit nor Chizzler
by Terry A. Bryan
The title is a phrase that I saw in a story recently. In context it means ?nobody else born between two siblings
years apart." I thought that I knew almost every peculiar phrase in the language, but I had never seen that one. Online
slang and phrase dictionaries were no help, but the definitions of the words revealed that a chit is a silly young girl
and a chizzler is a person retaining loose living habits beyond the usual age where maturity causes giving up such
things (e.g. toga parties). Being reminded of the other meaning of chit inspired this article.
Starting off with definitions is boring, and if you agree, read no further.
Dictionary.com has that chits are signed notes for money owed for food, drink, etc., or any receipt, voucher, or
similar document, especially of an informal nature, or (chiefly British) a note; short memorandum. The origin of the
word is more interesting: British officers in India received social and business messages from the hands of servants
(?a chitty for you, Sahib?). Small written notes are ?chitty? in Hindi.
Chits are collected in our hobby. An eBay search
turns up mostly military club bar tickets. POW
purchases were often paid in chits done up in card
covers. As with the agricultural tokens in this article,
the motive is to avoid the need for cash in special
circumstances. Very few eBay listings are found for
agricultural chits described in this article. Of course,
eBay provides no examples of the precise use of
words and these items are described variously.
Tokens are vouchers exchanged in place of cash.
In the broad definition of money, tokens qualify. In
the hobby, tokens are usually metal, but paper tokens,
chits, tickets can serve as money substitutes. Military
and agricultural chits qualify as tokens. They are a
temporary substitute for cash. Cardboard pickers?
checks serve the identical purpose as metal tokens,
and they are often more easily attributed.
In many areas of the country some crops require
extra hands at harvest time. There are still crops that
have resisted mechanical picking. Strawberries,
blueberries, apples and pears are the most common
domestic crops for which years of genetic engineering
and artificial intelligence-guided machines have not
perfected harvesting. Upwards of 30% of U.S. fruit
and vegetable acreage is still harvested by hand. Up
to WWII, cities spilled out temporary workers to area farms in the rush to gather the crop in. Processing the crop in
canning factories, packing plants and fruit dryers also required seasonal workers. My tour of a pecan nut factory
revealed that the ladies culling the nuts worked the harvest weeks and shifted to the local shirt factory during the
winter. (Mechanical pecan shellers were not introduced until the 1960s. Humans still do the inspection of the
product.)
From the 1860s to the 1930s, some families made the harvest pilgrimage a kind of camping-out vacation from
the foul air of the cities. After WWII, special arrangements for importing temporary workers, especially from Mexico
through government programs, were brought to many farms. ?Migrant? used to refer to temporary workers with no
intention of settling permanently. In the late 20th century, labor brokers in Mexico or Caribbean Islands contracted
with farmers to supply temporary employees. Some migrants might return to the same farm year after year where
the conditions were especially pleasant and the pay good. Before Federal fair employment practices legislation,
living conditions and pay for migrant workers varied greatly from miserable to not so bad.
Paper and cardboard picker?s tokens are usually small rectangles
often in colors to distinguish denominations. Some are tickets torn
from a roll.?
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Short-term employment created problems for the farmers. Small operations were cash-poor until the crop was
successfully picked and sold. A gang of workers and whole families had to be housed and paid somehow. Tokens,
chits, checks, tickets, whatever they were termed locally, provided a method of payment. Advantages were: 1. The
farmer did not have to have cash on hand daily, 2. Workers could be paid ?by the piece? for picking, 3. Local stores
might agree to redeem chits for basic needs, 4. Bookkeeping was simplified, 5. Workers had no cash for evening
celebration that might render them unreliable or absent the next day.?
Areas where the climate encouraged the
hand-picked crops are centers for collecting
agricultural tokens. Something of the sort is found
for almost all states. Local customs determined the
terminology applied to the hobby. Keywords are
?Berry Tickets?, ?Strawberry Tickets?, ?Chits?,
?Pickers? Tokens?, ?Picker?s Checks?,
?Coupons?, and for some eBay sellers, ?Business
Tokens?, a somewhat deceptive term. Tokens
distributed to workers in the field in the 20th
century were mostly cardboard or paper. Canning
factories used more metal tokens, owing to the
damp environment. Agricultural tokens were
denominated to fit the crops being harvested or
processed. Quarts for berries, bushels for larger produce, buckets for peelers in canning factories. Higher numbers
represented filling a whole tray or box of quart containers, perhaps eight to a tray for strawberries. Fewer farms
denominated in cents, resulting in actual ?good for? tokens.
The farmer brought his chits/tokens/tickets to the field. A locked box would be opened on the tailgate of the
wagon or truck.
Bins or spindles
held the
different
denominations
appropriate to
the day?s crop.
Tokens were
exchanged as
the workers
presented their
pickings at the
central location,
returning to the
rows of bushes or
trees for more. At
the end of a pay period the tokens were traded for cash. The tokens were returned to the bins in the box for the next
round of picking. Often, crude or recycled boxes were adapted for the tokens; add a lid, hasp and padlock, and you
have a till for your berry tickets. (see figure below)
Collectability of these items is limited by the difficulty of identifying the issuer and location. There are many
agricultural tokens that remain mavericks, i.e. unidentified. Often the farmer?s or factory?s initials and a numeral are
the only information present. Some have a town name, making them more desirable?little research needed. There
is even recycling by overprinting a new name on some. Collectors have culled directories for farmers with the right
initials. Tenant farmers may not appear in public records. The area where the tokens are found may narrow the ID
down. Very few are dated or accurately date-able; some were used in the 1960s. Canning factories are particularly
complex, often destroyed by fire, often owned by successive chains of partners.
Even the users could not standardize their terms, variously checks,
tickets, chits, tokens, and occasionally referred by collectors as coupons.
Tokens denominated
in cents are definitely
in the minority.?
Even uncut sheets of tokens are occasionally available.
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We collect ephemera. Money items were intended for use, not preservation. When a category of numismatic
item is rendered obsolete by practicality or custom, it disappears. It is up to us to preserve its history.
References:
Search the terms above. www.dictionary.com.
Burton, R. Lee. Canning Factories of the Eastern Shore. Centreville: Tidewater.
Davis, Dorothy Salisbury. ?By the Scruff of the Soul? (short story), 1963.
Kee, Ed. Saving Our Harvest. Baltimore: CTI, 2006.
Sandler, Gilbert. ?Picker Checks?Currency of the Crops?. www.archives.ubalt.edu.
Schena, Eric. ?Picker?s Checks?. www.worthpoint.com/dictionary.
Stump, Bryce. ?Token Appreciation?. Salisbury (Md) Times, 2003.
?Migrant Farm Workers?. www.archives.gov.
?Patent Lookup?. www.uspto.gov.
?Search? (above mentioned items). www.ebay.com
Thanks to E. D. Bryan, M.D., Robert W. Ross III, Bo Hayman, Joseph E. Boling, and Lee Burton for advice and
research.
An 1870s countertop bootblacking (shoe polish) display was been
adapted with a hasp for a field dispenser of berry tickets.?
An 1871 patent date adorns a locked walnut box, referred in the patent
as a ?Fruit Grower?s Check Holder? under the patent heading ?Card
Rack?. A shoulder strap facilitates carrying to the field.?
Brass tokens in the field register are of different shapes for each
denomination. A number and the farmer?s initials are the only
information. The box was found at the original owner?s old farm, thus
making the identification. This farm also used cardboard chits.?
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215 COLONIAL CURRENCY notes from the JOHN J. FORD Collection.
Featuring several FINEST KNOWN and UNIQUE Notes Including 30 ERIC NEWMAN,
The Early Paper Money of America PLATE NOTES.
NY. July 20, 1711. 4s. Fr NY-13.
PCGS Choice XF-45.
Newman Plate Note.
Ford Sale 3/ Lot 612
PA. January 17, 1723/24. 20s. Fr PA-15.
PCGS XF-40.
Newman Plate Note.
Ford Sale 3 / Lot 639
RI, February 2, 1741/42, 6d, Fr RI-43,
PCGS About UNC 50,
Newman Plate Note
Ford Sale 3 / Lot 569
RI, August 16, 1710, 2s, Fr RI-1,
PCGS VG-10 Details,
Newman Plate Note, maybe Unique
Ford Sale 3 / Lot 556
VT, February 1781, 40s, Fr VT-7
PCGS Choice VF-35 Details
Ford Sale 3 / Lot 847
Signifi cant Colonial Notes from
the John J. Ford Collection Sales
To participate in this exciting event, send your email/contact information to Kagin?s Auctions
by email today at info@kagins.com or call Don Kagin at 888-8KAGINS (852-4467).
Part 2 of 2 Live Online Auctions: September 23rd, 2023, 4:00pm Pacifi c, 7:00pm Eastern
THE ALTERED 4TH PRINTING CONFEDERATE
CHEMICOGRAPH BACKS
by Peter Bertram
If you?re not familiar with the Confederate Chemicograph Backs, this is the perfect time and place to find out a
little bit about them. To do so, please see Frank Clark?s review (in this issue) of my newest book; The Confederate
Chemicograph Backs Revisited, 2nd Edition.
In the meantime, let?s look at the 4th Printing
reverses altered to be sold as 3rd Printings.
About 1948 collector/dealer Philip Chase
finally completed his multiyear search for a set
of the six Chemicograph printing plates ($500,
$100, $50, $20, $10, and $5). He then printed
1,000 six-piece sets of the currency backs and
advertised them in The Numismatist for sale to
collectors. This was the 3rd printing of the
Chemicograph backs and they were done on
white, watermarked bond paper with blank
reverses.
NOTE: NO CHASE CHEMICOGRAPH BACKS WERE PRINTED THIS SMALLER SIZE
Here?s how they did it!
Altered Fourth Printing Reverse 1 Back, trimmed to
look like a Third Printing Back
Size about 75.5mm x 182.5mm, may vary slightly,
but not much
Third Printing Back - as issued with a blank reverse
Normal size, about 92.5mm x 214.5mm
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Typical markings on normal size Fourth
Printing Reverse 1 Backs
(no SDC seal!)
Authentic Fourth Printing Reverse 1
Note trim lines and Straker text.
Normal size, about 92.5mm x 214.5mm
Altered Fourth Printing Reverse 1
The note has been cut down just inside
of the Trim Lines and above the Straker text
Size 75.5mm x 182.5mm
Intent is to sell it as a much rarer Third Printing
Back!
By 1957 Chase had only sold 175 of his Third Printing sets, so he decided to donate the plates to the Smithsonian
Institution and the remaining 825 prints to his alma mater Dartmouth College. But he first printed trim lines on the
reverses to show the sizes of the 1864 Confederate Treasury Notes and/or for collectors to be able to trim down their
Chemicograph Backs to display them with 1864 Treasury notes. He also added ?Printed from a genuine S. Straker
& Sons London Plate? below and those two changes turned his remaining 825 Third Printing sets into Fourth Printing
sets!
Chase also designed a tiny green, circular ?SDC? (Smithsonian/Dartmouth/College) stamp to mark the
reverse of his Chemicograph Backs as ?SDC sets?. They would then be the main element in his marketing
plan for his remaining notes.
So, to summarize and clarify how many Chemicograph Sets were made, let?s start with Philip Chase?s 1,000 sets
with blank reverses that he produced in 1949. Those were the Third Printings and he sold 175 of them. Next, in 1958
he printed the ?Trim Lines? and ?Straker text? on the reverse of his remaining 825 sets, making them the Fourth
Printing. Finally he stamped the SDC green, circular stamp on 425 of his Fourth Printing sets. Our totals are therefore
175 Third Printing sets (blank reverse), 400 Fourth Printing Reverse 1 sets (trim lines and Straker text, no SDC
stamp), and 425 Fourth Printing Reverse 2 sets (trim lines and Straker text, with SDC stamp).
To date I have encountered ten altered Fourth Printing Reverse 1 Backs (4 notes and a six-piece set). So please
BEWARE - if I found these, there are likely to be more out there!
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The Confederate Chemicograph Backs Revisited 2nd Edition 2023 by Peter Bertram
Reviewed by Frank Clark
This subject was first covered by SPMC member Peter Bertram in his Confederate Numismatica 2018
Supplement One. A large amount of new material for this subject has come to light in the last few years and therefore
the author has published this new expanded volume.
The new 109 page profusely illustrated soft cover work discusses the history of the Chemicograph back plates
that were ordered from S. Straker & Sons of London.
These backs were intended for the February 17, 1864 Confederate note issue. Over 600 printing plates were
prepared for the $500-$5 denominations. These plates were spread over three different shipments for the blockade
run from Nassau in the Bahamas to Wilmington, North Carolina. None of the plates made it safely through the Union
blockade. However, a few plates were discovered after the Civil War and were used to produce four different
printings from the late 1870s until the late 1950s.
Mr. Bertram goes into great detail about the various post-war printings produced from the plates. How one tells
these printings apart are clearly and concisely described in both words and pictures with large arrows pointing to the
areas on the notes being discussed.
The book closes with an extensive bibliography followed by a price guide that includes several collateral items
within this collecting niche. The final two pages condense much of the information into a needed Quick Reference
that serves to summarize the four printings of the Chemicograph backs with images of the notes and page numbers
referring to additional information in the book. Collectors and dealers will find themselves going to these pages
frequently.
Though the Chemicograph backs did not reach the circulation stage, they are an important part of Confederate
numismatics. This short book is long on knowledge on the subject. Every Confederate collector should add this
important reference to their library because probably sooner rather than later, the collector will need to make an
informed decision on a Chemicograph back.
The book may be ordered at Amazon.com or directly from the author for $22 plus $4 for shipping. If an
autographed copy by the author is desired, please request it when ordering directly from Mr. Bertram. He will gladly
sign copies ordered from him. Dealer inquiries are also invited. peterbatl@aol.com. Peter Bertram, PO Box 924391,
Norcross, GA 30010-4391.
100 APPENDIX III: CHEMICOGRAPH BACKS IN THIAN MASTER ALBUMS
C906
Thian Master Album : To Dr. Walter S. Harban, May 18, 1908
Restored Album Covers
Images courtesy Dr Joe Gains Collection
This album includes C164AP, $500 Proof, and C165AP, $100 Proof, as well as a first printing Chemicograph set (C175). Note the
handwritten inscription ?1 of 13 Book? at top left on the Dedication page. I?m inclined to believe this might be Thian?s 13th ?Master Album?.
I am, however, less sure about the ?1 of? and can?t imagine what it might be in reference to. It is, however, quite possible that by 1908 Thian
had made 13 of his Master Albums. In an email exchange about this with David Fanning (Kolbe & Fanning, numislit.com), he noted that ??
actually, 13 sounds like a perfectly plausible number.? In any case, while C906 could very well have been Thian?s 13th Master Album, it still
wasn?t his last. At 78 years old he still had at least one more to go (C907).
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QUICK REFERENCE 109
SPMC.org * Paper Money * Sept/Oct 2023 * Whole No. 347
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Fr. 379a $1,000 1890 T.N.
Grand Watermelon
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Unissued $10 note of the State of South Carolina dated
January 1866. Gene Hessler, in his book The Engraver?s
Line, has identified the portrait on the left side of the note
as General William Butler and not General Daniel Morgan,
as has commonly been accepted. Two additional varieties
of this note were later issued in the early 1870s. The central
vignette is named ?The Rescue? and depicts Sergeant
William Jasper freeing captives taken by the British during
the Revolutionary War.
It?s Not Just About the Vignettes: A Case of Mistaken Identity
by Tony Chibbaro
In this day and age, it is unusual for a portrait of a human being to remain misidentified for any length of time. With just
about everyone in the world hyper-focused on social media and the internet, an error in identification of an online image
doesn?t usually persist for very long before it is corrected. That?s why it?s somewhat surprising that one of the portraits on a
common South Carolina obsolete note has remained misattributed for at least a century.
This intriguing story has its roots in my ongoing attempt to identify all of the portraits appearing on obsolete currency
issued within the state of South Carolina. Some readers may recall a recent article in these pages outlining this project. While
pursuing this goal, I happened upon an entry in Gene Hessler?s superlative reference book, The Engraver?s Line. In this
encyclopedic work published in 1993, Hessler identified the portrait on the left side of the $10 bill of the State of South
Carolina as being that of General William Butler. This was disconcerting to me because I was very familiar with this note and
had believed, like all other collectors of South Carolina currency, that the portrait was one of General Daniel Morgan, the
commander of the victorious Patriot forces in the January 1781 Battle of Cowpens.
Viewing Hessler?s attribution with a healthy dose of skepticism, I immediately sought to prove or disprove its veracity.
So, I duly opened the Google search tab on my computer?s browser and easily located a number of images of Daniel Morgan.
All showed an elderly man, aged 60 to 70, with a thin face and a long nose - nothing like the young officer in his thirties
depicted on the note in question. Next, I searched for images of General William Butler of South
Carolina and was instantly rewarded with a scan of a print which perfectly matched the portrait on the
note and was undoubtedly used as the model for its engraving.
William Butler, I soon learned, was one of the lesser-known Revolutionary War heroes from
South Carolina (perhaps one of the reasons why his portrait remained misidentified for so long). His is
not a name that is usually encountered in the same sentence with those of William Moultrie, Andrew
Pickens, Thomas Sumter, Daniel Morgan, or Francis Marion. Yet bankers of the mid-1800s chose to
place his portrait on some of the banknotes they ordered. Why? That is a question that may never be
answered satisfactorily, but part of the reason may be that he was the patriarch of a prominent political
family in South Carolina.
Butler (1759-1821) was born in Prince William County, Virginia, and
moved to South Carolina before reaching adulthood. By the tender age of
16, he had enlisted in the local militia and served under Colonel Richard
Richardson in the 1775 Snow Campaign against Loyalist recruiting centers in
South Carolina. The following year, he participated in General Andrew
Williamson?s expedition against the Cherokee. By 1779, he had been
promoted to lieutenant and served under General Benjamin Lincoln in
Pulaski?s Legion and later under General Andrew Pickens at the Siege of
Augusta. By 1781, he had been promoted again, this time to captain under
General William Henderson. Butler ended the war as a member of the
Mounted Rangers, falling again under the command of General Andrew Pickens. In 1787, he was
elected to the South Carolina General Assembly, was subsequently reelected to three additional
terms, and, in 1791, became the sheriff of Ninety-Six District. In 1801, Butler was elected to U.S.
Congress and split his time between South Carolina and Washington until retiring from politics in
1813. Having earlier attained the rank of major general in the South Carolina militia, he was given
command of troops raised for the defense of the state during the War of 1812. Butler?s health
deteriorated in the early 1820s and he died at his plantation near Saluda in 1821. He was buried in
the nearby Butler Family Cemetery. Two of his sons, William Butler, Jr., and Andrew Pickens
Butler, followed in his footsteps as U.S. Congressmen, while a third, Pierce Mason Butler, served two years as governor of
South Carolina. The latter son was killed, however, in 1847 during the Battle of Churubusco, the highest-ranking member of
the Palmetto Regiment to die in the Mexican-American War.
Photograph of an oil
painting of William
Butler, circa 1790.
This image matches
perfectly the portrait
on the note illustrated
above. Courtesy of
the South Caroliniana
Library, Columbia,
South Carolina.
Enlargement of the
portrait vignette of
William Butler
appearing on the $10
note illustrated above.
Compare it to the oil
painting above.
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Now that I had no choice but to accept this new identification of the portrait, I set out to discover how such a mistake
could have been made. I promptly looked up the note in my copy of Austin Sheheen?s 2003 reference work entitled South
Carolina Obsolete Notes and Scrip. It clearly identifies the portrait as that of Daniel Morgan and not William Butler.
Sheheen?s earlier booklet, printed in 1960 and entitled South Carolina Obsolete Notes, provided the same misattribution.
Grover Criswell also misidentified the portrait in his 1964 book, Confederate and Southern States Currency. Volume 4 of
James Haxby?s monumental reference work, United States Obsolete Bank Notes (published in 1988), does not list this
particular note, but does picture a similar one with the same portrait vignette - a $10 note issued by the Bank of the State of
South Carolina in early 1861 (see below). Even Roger Durand, the author of three separate works identifying portraits found
on banknotes, got it wrong. Durand attributed this one as Daniel Morgan in the first volume of his Interesting Notes About
Portraits. Hugh Shull in his 2007 Whitman Redbook version of A Guidebook of Southern States Currency follows all
preceding authors and attributes the portrait to Morgan. Most recently, however, Don Kelly?s Obsolete Paper Money,
published in 2018, pictures the note, but does not offer any identification of the portrait.
Clearly this misidentification had persisted since 1960, but I later learned that it reached back at least four additional
decades. The earliest reference work on South Carolina obsolete notes is a book entitled The History of the Banking
Institutions Organized in South Carolina Prior to 1860 by Washington A. Clark. Published in 1922, it contains an extensive
appendix cataloging the different banknotes issued by these institutions. Clark was the president of the Carolina National Bank
in Columbia and was an avid collector of South Carolina currency. He had been approached by the editor of The Numismatist,
the official organ of the American Numismatic Association, to prepare a list of the notes in his collection for publication in the
magazine. Later, that list was reworked and included as an appendix to his aforementioned book. It, too, misidentifies the
portrait of William Butler as General Daniel Morgan and it is easy to imagine how all subsequent authors simply propagated
Clark?s mistake.
Clark?s book may have indeed been the source of this case of mistaken identity, as I could trace back no further in time
the origin of the misattribution. Clark himself may have provided an explanation in the preface to his work: ?I have found it,
because of the lapse of time, a difficult matter to identify with certainty the individuals whose pictures appear upon the bills.
With the exception of one bank cataloged herein, all others have passed out of existence.? If Clark was the original source of
the error, collectors of today should not judge him too harshly. Even though he was composing his book one hundred years
closer in time to the period of their use, it was still the better part of six decades since these notes had been in circulation and
all who had a hand in their issuance had long since passed from this world.
Sources:
? webpage administered by knowitall.org: William Butler - History of South Carolina Slide Collection.
(https://www.knowitall.org/photo/william-butler-history-sc-slide-collection)
? The Engraver?s Line by Gene Hessler (1993, BNR Press)
? Wikipedia page - William Butler (1759-1821)
? South Carolina Obsolete Notes and Scrip by Austin M. Sheheen, Jr. (2003, self-published)
? South Carolina Obsolete Notes by Austin M. Sheheen, Jr. (1960, self-published)
? Confederate and Southern States Currency by Grover C. Criswell, Jr. (1964, Krause Publications)
? United States Obsolete Bank Notes, 1872-1866, Volume 4 by James A. Haxby (1988, Krause Publications)
? Interesting Notes: About Portraits (Volume I) by Roger H. Durand (2002, R.H. Durand & Co., Ltd.)
? A Guidebook of South States Currency by Hugh Shull (2007, Whitman Publishing, LLC)
? Obsolete Paper Money: A Guide With Prices by Don Kelly (2018, The Paper Money Institute, LLC)
? The History of the Banking Institutions Organized in South Carolina Prior to 1860 by Washington A. Clark (1922, The
Historical Commission of South Carolina)
? Numismatics of South Carolina, Volume 2: National Bank Notes by Tony Chibbaro (2022, self-published)
Besides the three varieties of $10 notes issued by the State of South
Carolina after the Civil War, the same portrait vignette also
appears on earlier $10 notes issued by the Bank of the State of
South Carolina in 1861. Depicted on the right side of this note is
General Andrew Pickens, Butler?s commanding officer during
much of the Revolutionary War.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * Sept/Oct 2023 * Whole No. 347
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U N C O U P L E D :
PAPER MONEY?S
ODD COUPLE
Joseph E. Boling Fred Schwan
Our Home Town Collections
? Fred suggested that I parallel his column this issue
with either another US North Africa short snorter or
something from my own home town collection. The
problem with the latter is that I was an Air Force brat
and had many homes widely separated. I call that
portion of my collection my biographical collection,
rather than my home town collection. So I cast about
for a suitable subject item. After rummaging through
hundreds of short snorters, many of which have
individual interesting signatures, I found that I have
almost none on US North African notes (and none of
them interesting) and I have oodles of ones on French
North African notes. I settled on one that I have
presented in talks, but not yet in print.
This could be part of my biographical collection,
because it is from Morocco, where I lived from 1953-
55 (6th and 7th grades). I collect Morocco by date, but
this piece was not acquired to go into that collection (I
have a better condition piece for that). It came to me
as part of a massive short shorter group that was
mostly not composed of Moroccan notes.
The originator of this short snorter is not identified
on it anyplace that I can identify. The total is over 80
notes, over 45 still attached to each other when I
acquired it, the others divided between shorter strings
and individual notes. This soldier must have attended
every USO show that came to the Mediterranean
theater. Many of the individual notes are decorated
with signatures of entertainers. They were apparently
all collected and attached as acquired, including
scattered notes from Weimar days, and even some
from the Pacific theater. So the chronology of its
construction is largely speculative.
See Boling Page 370
I have frequently complained here that the most
difficult part of writing this column is deciding upon
what to write. Often the solution is to go to NEWP?
new purchases. That technique worked great today.
The item on top fits nicely into two of my favorite
collecting areas: World War II and home town notes. It
is not very often that I find an item that fits into both of
these collecting categories, so I am excited when I find
one. Most of my columns relate to World War II
numismatics, but I probably have mentioned my home
town collection at least a few times. Of course, national
bank notes constitute the classic home town items. I
keenly collect my home town nationals, chits, checks
and a few other things (such as the bond shown here). I
promise that someday I will dig into that with a detailed
report on nationals, but for today, I will just tease you
with the image of one national from Port Clinton, Ohio.
SPMC.org * Paper Money * Sept/Oct 2023 * Whole No. 347
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There are at least two Port Clintons in the United
States. The first?and by far the more important?is a
small town that is the home of MPCFest in Ohio! The
second is a really small town in eastern Pennsylvania.
Its claim to fame is that it is on the Appalachian Trail.
I learned about the Pennsylvania Port Clinton some
thirty years ago. I stumbled across it while studying a
road atlas on a trip to visit a collector friend in the area.
That is when I learned that every town on the map is
not listed in the atlas index! In those days before the
internet, my go-to source was Webster?s Geographical
Dictionary (1969). To my surprise, Port Clinton, PA
was not listed there. PCPA did not have any national
bank notes (I do not know if it had any banks). Since I
learned about PCPA, I have had the opportunity to stop
there a few times for lunch at the local tavern. I have a
few souvenirs of the town that I picked up there, but I
have not found anything that I could call numismatic.
Now in the age of the internet, I made a similar
discovery. There is a Port Clinton, Australia! I have
not (yet) visited there nor found any numismatic items
related thereto, but I am certainly
looking. Please watch for me!
All of this is to, finally, bring us to
what I think you will find as a
surprising World War II home town
(Port Clinton, Ohio) note.
Have a look at the yellow seal
North Africa $1 short snorter. As with
many short snorters, it is fascinating.
As if to confirm the note?s status, the
text at top center proclaims ?Safe in
Casablanca? and is dated March 17,
1943. It is likely that the owner of the
note arrived in Casablanca on that date. The text at left
is also interesting. As is often the case, it is labeled
?Short Snorter? in the margin (even including the
quotation marks). More specifically, the text is
?African ?Short Snorters?,? suggesting that it was the
signers who were the short snorters, not the note itself!
On the line below, the note is described as ?official?!
What the heck does that mean? Have you ever seen
another official short snorter? How about an
?unofficial? short snorter? Below that are six signatures.
They are reasonably legible by short snorter standards.
Joe is the champion when it comes to reading
signatures. I have not yet spent any time on these
signatures.
Now look at the back. It too has some fascinating
entries. The top margin of the short snorter (but bottom
margin of the note) proclaims: ?Malaria Bed Mates.?
Dates appear in the right (or left) margin: ?8/3/43 to
8/13/43.? It seems likely that the signers of the note
were hospitalized for malaria in August 1943. Those are
not routine dates. They are in the heart of Operation
Husky (July 9?August 17, 1943)! That operation was
the invasion of Sicily, mostly launched from North
Africa, thus tying the history nicely with the note.
Finally, please have a look at the list of signatures on
the back before continuing to read my comments. What
did you find?
Seven reasonably legible
names and six completely legible
home towns. They consist of five
big cities (Louisville, Chicago, New
York City (N.Y.C.), Dallas (Big
?D?)) and two small towns. Of
course it is these two small towns in
which we are primarily interested.
Ridgewood, NY is not listed in the
geographic dictionary. On the
internet it is described as a
neighborhood of Queens, NY.
Finally, third on the list is the
signature from Port Clinton, Ohio. I believe that the
name is D.O. Bennett though some variations are
possible. No, I have not yet found any information on
Mr. Bennett. When I was pursuing the note, after
cursory internet searches, I thought that I would be able
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to locate information on him with the aid of local
resources. Specifically, I knew that the local public
library has a nice collection of Port Clinton High
School yearbooks; I have used them in the past to find
information about locals.
A student named Bennett did attend Port Clinton
High School in the targeted years, but his first name
did not start with ?D? or ?O.? Of course, I have not
given up. My research ideas include throwing the
question to you!
Where in the world did I obtain this Port Clinton
note? You will not be surprised that I bought it on
eBay. However, I cannot claim to be so observant as
to have found it on eBay. No. I am fortunate to have
collector friends! Those of you who know him will not
be surprised that Jim Downey found the note and
passed the link to me with best regards. Thank you,
Jim!
Boling continued:
He did, on one note, show each duty station from
departing the US (12 December 1942) to arriving back
in the US (3 October 1945), and where he was for
every holiday from Christmas 1942 to Easter 1945, but
he never put his name on any of these records.
The note of interest has fifteen signatures, a dozen
of which I have been able to read and research. Figure
1 shows the face of the note; there are no signatures on
the back. It was locally printed in Casablanca after the
Allies landed in November 1942 (Operation Torch).
Ten of the signatures are of entertainers or sports
figures. I would be surprised to learn that all of these
were part of a single USO troupe. I suspect that the
owner had it signed at more than one performance. The
inclusion of some military/political figures adds to the
likelihood that he carried it around for a while asking
interesting people to sign it. (If true, that further
muddies the chronology of construction - at what point
did he tape all these notes together? Some have only a
single signature, and many have none.)
Starting from the top (figure 2), we find two
women, June Clyde and Louise Allbritton. Clyde was
born in 1909, so was no longer an ingenue, but had been
singing and dancing since her grade-school days and
acting since the late 1920s. Allbritton was a decade
behind Clyde, and had fewer stage credits when the war
came, but she worked longer in the end. She married
CBS correspondent Charles Collingwood after the war;
they were still together when she died in 1979.
Figure 3 has four signatures. First is Harry Barris,
and third is actor and comedian Joe E. Brown. They
traveled together regularly; I have several other short
snorters with their paired signatures. Brown, born in
1891, is one of the most commonly-found signers. His
signature is usually twice the size seen here; it seems to
have grown as he stayed on tour longer (he also went to
the Pacific theater with the USO.) Barris was a singer,
song-writer, and pianist. In films (over fifty of them) he
was usually a musician.
Between those signatures is Randolph Spencer-
Churchill, Winston?s son. I doubt that he was touring
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with the USO. In North Africa he worked with the
SAS, and from early 1944 was with an SAS mission in
Yugoslavia with Tito?s partisans. That puts a closing
date on at least part of this short snorter.
Below Brown?s signature is one I have not been
able to identify. Based on others on this note, it could
have no connection with a USO troupe, particularly
with that odd ?v? hung on the end. I welcome reader
assistance.
That brings us to figure 4. Humphrey Bogart is the
top signer, followed by Mayo Methot Bogart,
Humphrey?s third wife. He needs no introduction.
She was also an actor, of whom I had never heard.
Starting in childhood (born 1904), she played both live
theater (including Broadway) and films. Presumably
she also worked alongside her husband in the USO
troupe. I found a photo of them in Naples in 1943, and
in 1944 they were separated (divorced 1945). That also
serves to put a date on this note?s signatures.
Below Mrs. Bogart is Henri Giraud. He was co-
president (with Charles de Gaulle) of the French
Committee of National Liberation. The problem was,
he had expected to be supreme commander of
Operation Torch, and when he discovered he would
not be, he delayed his arrival in Algeria until after the
landings (he had been smuggled out of Vichy France
to participate). Although he attended the Casablanca
Conference with de Gaulle, they became increasingly
estranged. He was forced into retirement in 1944.
Now we get to the sportsmen. Figure 5 has the
signatures of Jack Sharkey, Lefty Gomez, and Fred
Corcoran. Sharkey was the world heavyweight boxing
champion in 1932 (against Max Schmeling), but lost the
title in 1933 (against Primo Carnera). He was the only
boxer to fight both Jack Dempsey (1927) and Joe Louis
(1936), losing to both. Lefty Gomez was a Hall-of-
Fame pitcher for the Yankees in the 1930s; he pitched
one game in 1943 and retired. Since our short snorter
owner did not get to Europe until December 1942, it?s
looking like this note was signed in 1943. Fred
Corcoran was a golf tournament promoter. He founded
the LPGA and many tour events, and was the first non-
player inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame. His
Wikipedia entry mentions him bringing sports shows to
GIs with Sharkey and Gomez.
Figure 6 contains two stumpers. I can read Leslie
for the first one, but cannot make out the rest. The
second line is equally cryptic. Finally we get to the
lower right corner, where Eddie Foy Jr. signed the note.
He had been part of the Seven Little Foys as a child
(born 1905), and went on to play on Broadway (Tony
nominee in 1957) and in almost fifty films over almost
fifty years (1928-76).
That?s quite a haul of interesting people from varied
backgrounds. Sure, the $20 national bank note that I
showed last year had even more, but it was carried for
decades. This note was built in no more than two years,
perhaps in as many weeks. Its owner was a genuine
autograph hound. If you can read any of the three
mystery names above, please email me at
joeboling@aol.com.
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Robert Calderman
When Size Matters!
An incredible pair of $5 Federal Reserve Notes was
discovered this summer and they deserve an honored seat
in the spotlight! Consecutive pairs are a very popular way
to collect historic United States paper money. Whether it is
large size or small size, having two notes that have
seemingly spent their entire lives together hold a special
fascination for collectors. Often two notes that are in serial
number order are not actually uncirculated! It is often just
our assumption that this must be true if they are still held
together after multiple decades. Unfortunately when a pair
is found they can be treasured so much by their captors, eh
hem... I mean their caretakers, that improper storage and
improper handling can many times ruin a perfectly good
thing! Pairs folded up and put into a wallet to then be
stored in a back pocket for many years can end up
converting once spectacular 65+ Gems into Fine 12 Net
stained notes with rust stains!!!
Fortunately for us, our two notes featured here were
spared such a horrid miserable fate. Not only are they
spectacular choice crisp uncirculated specimens, they are
also a changeover pair! During this era, up to four plates
were running on the presses. Multiple plates were being
used at the time and there was no reason to segregate
individual series. As long as plates were current and fit for
use, they were sent to press. Plates were used until they
were no longer fit for printing, then pulled as needed for
repair and then eventually met with a final fate of
cancellation. Printed 12-note sheets that had received both
backs and faces were later cut into two 6-note sheets and
stacked to be serial numbered later. The sheets were
stacked in no particular order without any concern for what
series faces they had. As sheets were numbered, the first
and last note from each sheet would pair with the sheet
before and the sheet after. This created the potential for
changeover pairs! This can only happen with the following
four plate positions: A / F / G / L. Look closely at both
notes pictured and notice the plate position, series issue,
and signature combination. These two consecutive Feds
from New York change from series 1934A to 1934B! This
alone makes for a very collectible pair especially when we
consider the much shorter printing runs of notes featuring
the Fred Vinson signature. A consecutive changeover pair
like this would generally be worth approximately $400-
$600.
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This already seems like an amazing deal for such an
important pair of $5 FRN?s. However, there is something
else that makes these notes even more special than what
we have already seen thus far. There is something
downright epic about one of these fives that catapults this
set of two notes into the highest peak of specialized variety
and rarity! Did you notice? Have your small size studies
prepared you to instantly recognize the gravity of what we
have here? For those that know, congrats and keep it up!
For everyone else, you are in the cat bird seat to add to
your arsenal another coveted variety to now be on the hunt
for! Take a look at the PMG label on the 1934B $5 note
ending in SN#1219. Within the middle line the text clearly
displays ?Fp.212 Error?. This specialized variety is highly
sought after and can be found only on the Federal Reserve
Note series of 1934B $5?s and only on the New York
district! The blunder occurred when the plate number was
engraved using the wrong size height setting! The face
plate number is neither micro nor macro and falls in-
between the two sizes! A total of 27 different plates were
used to print over fourteen million 1934B NY five dollar
bills, but only one plate, #212 featured this wild anomaly!
Currently, only 15 examples of this Fp.212 error have
been graded by PMG with just 9 of these notes reaching
the supreme collectible level of uncirculated. CU examples
do not come up for sale very often. Just a few short years
ago in April 2020 Heritage auctions sold a Fp.212 note
graded in 66EPQ, currently the finest known at the top of
the PMG population report, for a substantial $1,800. Now
let?s compare this to a regular non-#212 1934B $5 NY
example in 66EPQ that sold in the very same Heritage
auction for just $288 wow! So where did this incredible
Fp.212 uncirculated changeover pair come from? What did
it sell for? Incredibly the original seller did not know the
significance of the variety, nor did the next owner, and not
even the third buyer? and yes the pair was already
slabbed!!! It was not until finally the fourth owner (That
we know of at least) spotted this ultimate prize and
submitted an offer of nearly four times the previous sale
price to finally take the pair to the proper collecting
home? So what is the pair actually worth? That is always
very difficult to determine when considering a unique
C.O.P. that has no specific frame of reference for sales
history. Based on previous ultra rare changeover pairs that
hold similar charm, there is no reason to expect this pair
would conservatively sell for anything less than $2500 at
major auction and of course the sky is the limit for two
bidders that must have these two notes at any cost
Do you have a great Cherry Pick story that you?d like to
share? Your note might be featured here in a future article
and you can remain anonymous if desired! Email scans of
your note with a brief description of what you paid and
where it was found to: gacoins@earthlink.net
Recommended reading:
? $5? 1934B? New? York? Intermediate? Size
Plate? Number? 212? by? Peter? Huntoon
Paper?Money?*March/April?1984?*?Whole
No.?110
? Spectacular $50 Skip Changeover Pair by
Jamie Yakes Paper Money *Nov/Dec 2017*
Whole No. 31
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The front of the Type-40 Treasury note endorsed by Maj. Thomas L. Broun, Post Quartermaster.
image: Roger Adamek
Major Thomas L. Broun
Post Quartermaster, Dublin Depot, VA
Manuscript endorsements are often difficult
to decipher, and in some cases it is all too easy to
jump to a conclusion. Such is the case with this
endorsement, which on first glance is easily
interpreted as ?T. L Brown.? If you assumed that this
last name is ?Brown? you would be in good
company. The records of the Confederate Congress
list this man as ?Thomas L. Brown, Virginia, major,
brigade quartermaster, Provisional Confederate
Army.? You will also find 109 documents for ?T. L.
Brown? in the National Archives files for Officers.
But a closer inspection of the endorsement shows a
missing stroke for the spelling of ?Brown.? This is
not poor penmanship; it turns out that the family
spelling of this name is ?Broun,? which of course is
very unusual. Roger Adamek, the discoverer of the
endorsement, also made the discovery of the correct
spelling.
It is tempting to make the assumption that the
name ?Broun? is a corruption of the Germanic
?Braun,? but Broun family history relates that the
name originated in France with an ancestor named
Thomas Brohun, the mayor of Bordeaux in 1315. A
later ancestor emigrated from France to Scotland and
assumed the name of Bro?n. The endorser of the
Treasury note, Thomas L. Broun, was born in
Middleburg, Virginia, on December 26th, 1823, and
died on March 3rd, 1914.1
1862-1863 Thomas L. Broun was
appointed and confirmed on February 13th, 1862 as
Major & Quartermaster reporting to Gen?l Heth
(pronounced ?Heeth?), taking rank retroactively on
February 5th. On February 18th he was directed to
report as Quartermaster at the post of Dublin Depot.
A post quartermaster was responsible for acquiring
raw materials and manufacturing of military goods.
Major Broun?s documents show that he acquired
rifles, gunpowder, percussion caps, blacksmith?s
tools, wagons, harnesses, tools, clothing, stationery,
cooking gear, blankets, tents, horses, railroad
transportation, corn, hay, and thousands of beef hides
for processing leather.
The Quartermaster Column No. 32
by Michael McNeil
The endorsement reads: ?Issued Jany 29/ 63, Tho. L.
Broun, Maj & QM? image: Roger Adamek
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General Robert E. Lee on his horse Traveller. image: see endnote 2,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43871717.
1864 Notations on a warrant signed by E.
C. Elmore and payable to Major Broun?s account
show that Broun had received total funds from
February 27th, 1862 to August 24th, 1864 of
$791,290.40, giving us some perspective on the
scope of Broun?s efforts at Dublin Depot. On
December 17th Major Broun was
relieved of duty at Dublin Depot and
ordered to report to the Quartermaster
General in Richmond for orders.
1865 Major Broun signed
documents at Atlanta, Georgia, on
January 16th, but on February 11th he was
on duty in Columbia, South Carolina,
probably in anticipation of Sherman?s
imminent attack on that city. We can
speculate that he assisted with the
evacuation of the Treasury-note Bureau
on the 16th. Quartermaster General A. R.
Lawton wrote the following formal
orders on March 20th:
I have the honor to request that Maj.
Thos. L. Broun (correctly spelled
with an obvious effort in a much
bolder script for the ?u?) Q. M. in
charge of procurement of stationery
&c be assigned to duty at Richmond
until further orders or until he can
resume his post at Columbia, Ga, or
other available point.
On March 21st Major Broun
returned to Richmond. The fall of
Richmond was imminent.
Postscript: Wikipedia notes that
Major Thomas L. Broun?s brother,
Captain Joseph M. Broun, sold the horse
to Robert E. Lee which would later become known as
the famous ?Traveller.?2 The Broun family history,
however, identifies Thomas L. Broun as the family
member who sold that horse to Robert E. Lee.1
Family history can be in error, but the Wikipedia
article does not cite the Broun Family Tree in its
references.
The Treasury note endorsement of Thomas
L. Broun is extremely rare, and as of this writing, it is
unique.
? Carpe diem
1. Broun, Phillip H. Broun Family Tree, 1740-1964, unpublished manuscript, Houston, Texas, 1970, courtesy of Roger
Adamek.
2. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveller_(horse), accessed 19 June 2023. Image of General R. E. Lee on Traveller, monochrome
photograph by Michael Milley, 1866. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43871717.
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The Obsolete Corner
The Reapers Bank
by Robert Gill
As you read this, Summer is beginning to wind down.
So far, this year has been relatively tough for our
country. Our political situation, as usual, resembles a
circus. Inflation is approaching modern day highs. In
the eyes of the world, it seems that recognition of our
great country is quickly lessening. Hopefully, things
will begin to change in the next couple of years. But
you and I can?t do much about these issues now. But
what we can do is continue to enjoy this great hobby
that we share. So now, let?s look at the sheet from my
collection that I?ve chosen to share with you.
In this issue of Paper Money, let?s look at a short-
lived bank that operated in Fairfield, Illinois, leading
up to and during the Civil War. And that is The
Reapers Bank. This extremely rare sheet is one of two
survivors that we know to exist. This sheet, vastly
superior in a state of preservation to the other, came on
the market in 2019 in the incredible Illinois Obsolete
Sheet Collection that Stacks Bowers auctioned. And to
more understand the rarity of the notes on this Bank,
besides these two sheets, in searching dealer offerings
and major auction houses? archives, I can find only one
?single? note, that being a $3.00. At the time of its
1988 printing, the Haxby reference does not list even
any singles on this Bank, much less a sheet. And Frank
Sprinkle, in his booklet, Master List of Uncut Sheets of
Obsolete Bills, makes no mention of ever seeing any
sheets from this Institution. So now, let?s look at the
history of this old operation.
The Haxby reference lists The Reapers Bank, of
Fairfield, Illinois, as being in operation from 1859 until
around 1865. The Merchants' Loan and Trust
Company went into business in Chicago in 1857.
Early on it had determined to have a bank of its own
and issue a circulation. To do so, it put up good
substantial bonds with the Auditor of Public Accounts
in Springfield, and started the operation of The Reapers
Bank in Fairfield. Required capital was provided to a
very considerable extent by the Trust Company.
Having no office, the Bank was there upon established
in a room in the local hotel. A. H. Burley held the
position of President, and immediately began to sign its
bank notes.
During the time of the life of this operation, the
security of the bills of banks in Illinois were largely
based upon the stocks of many Southern states. It was
seen that should the South adopt ordinances of
succession, inaugurate war, and withdraw from the
Union, the value of the stocks held for security would
become greatly reduced, and in fact, become worthless.
During the summer of 1862, when gold began to
rise in value, brokers started to buy and sell it like any
other commodity, and as it continued to rise and
fluctuate in value, the expectations and hopes arose and
fell correspondingly. This, the Civil War, and other
factors, brought on the troubles of banking business in
Illinois. All things culminated early in 1863, and
Illinois banks lost heavily. Though struggling, The
Reapers Bank was able to continue conducting
business.
During the short life of this Institution, it was
involved in the reason for an Illinois law being passed
regarding a bank's responsibility of redeeming its notes
that were being circulated. Many large banks,
especially in Chicago, were holding smaller banks'
notes until a large amount of them were on hand.
These larger banks would then send a messenger to the
smaller bank with a large amount of notes for
redemption. This was causing a problem with smaller
banks regarding having ample specie on hand to
conduct business.
The Reapers Bank undertook a practice of
discouraging the presentation of its notes by "tiring
out" these messengers. On one occasion, when
representatives of Willard and Atkins of Chicago
presented for redemption at the Bank's counter several
packages, each containing five to six hundred dollars in
the Bank's notes, the Cashier proceeded to redeem the
notes one by one with five and ten cent pieces,
stopping frequently to attend other duties. By using
this strategy, at the close of the day's business, only one
hundred and fifty dollars? worth of notes had been
redeemed. The messenger had the rest of the notes
protested for non-payment, and the State Auditor was
called upon. Eventually, he proceeded to place the
Bank in liquidation. The officers of the Bank resorted
to injunction proceedings, and the case was ultimately
decided by the Illinois Supreme Court. Here, it was
held that payment of notes "on demand" meant that the
holder is entitled to present all his notes simultaneously
and receive specie for them in a lump sum.
All indications are that The Reapers Bank ceased
operations sometime around the end of the Civil War.
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So, there?s the history behind this old obsolete bank.
And like so many others during that time, it had a very
short life.
As I always do, I invite any comments to my cell
phone number (580) 221-0898, or you may contact me
at my personal email address
robertdalegill@gmail.com.
So, until next time, I wish you HAPPY
COLLECTING.
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Does Provenance Matter for Paper Money? Should it?
Back in May of this year a Paper Money Forum
discussion considered whether pedigree (or provenance)
matters for currency collectors. That is, does it make a
difference for our understanding of, or attitudes about, a
piece of paper money to know who owned it previously?
One discussant, mfontes, wrote ?I could care less who
owned a note prior to me or who owns notes I sell.
What difference does it make that a collector owned a
note? I don't understand the ?added value? because at
some point a collector purchased a note. I could care
less if a note?s pedigree was Jesus himself. I think it?s
silly to expect that these notes should get a premium
because in the recent past someone else owned it.?
That pungent opinion pretty much captured the
sense of the discussion. Still, the question of provenance
emerges in the broad world of collectibles with a
regularity that makes it worthwhile spelling out why it
does matter, and the circumstances under which it might
become relevant for currency collecting (?pedigree? has
a similar meaning, but sounds like something your
poodle has, so I will stick with ?provenance?).
In the art world, the provenance of a work is its
documented chain of ownership, beginning with its latest
owner all the way back to its creator. Provenance in art
is important for several reasons. First, being able to trace
back an item?s lineage contributes to understanding how
and why a piece of art was created, particularly if its
origins are obscure or remote in time. Closely related to
such understanding is the question of authentication: was
an artwork really created by the artist to whom it is
attributed, or is it a copy or forgery? Finally, provenance
helps establish the legal validity of ownership claims.
This can matter in cases where artifacts were acquired
illegitimately through wartime plunder, under
ambivalent circumstances like colonial rule, or by
outright looting of archeological sites.
While coins and currency are collectibles like art,
these reasons for knowing provenance are not quite as
compelling. It?s true that, in the case of ancient and
medieval coins, provenance has become a more serious
consideration as nations tighten their rules regarding
trade in what they regard as their cultural patrimony.
However, for money produced in the last couple hundred
years, provenance is of reduced meaning. While much
artistry can be found in modern money, coins and bills
are fundamentally machined artifacts which, unlike say
an oil painting, are designed to be produced in large
numbers. Thus, there?s nothing particularly enlightening
about knowing the chain of ownership about a single
piece of currency, even if that currency is highly
desirable to collectors. Moreover, most valuations in the
modern numismatic market are driven by condition
scarcity, which is basically a question of grading
expertise. Of course, knowing that a coin or banknote
isn?t counterfeit is also highly relevant, as no-one wants
to be fooled by fakes. Over the years, Joe Boling has
created a cottage industry in chasing down doctored
notes emitted by the elusive ?Warrington?, which is a
kind of provenance research. Otherwise, knowing who
once owned what just isn?t that relevant for how most
people appreciate their collections.
On the other hand, the chain of ownership does
matter from what might be called a sociological
standpoint. Like the markets for art and other
collectibles, those for certain coins and currency notes
are driven not by intrinsic scarcity alone (many
inexpensive monetary objects are unique, or nearly so),
but by the perceived social desirability of the items. For
example, there are five 1913 Liberty Nickels extant.
Behind each one of them is an interesting provenance
story. Those stories are an important reason why such a
coin would now sell for millions of dollars, even though
the sheer idea of paying that amount for a five-cent piece
just because it bears the date ?1913? rather than ?1912?
is actually monumentally trivial.
The equivalent for paper money collector might be
the 1890 Grand Watermelon. Like the 1913 nickel, few
exist; the ownership chain for Grand Watermelons is
clear; $1,000 is an impressive denomination; and over
the years books have been written assuring us that this
note is a most highly desired collectible. Another area of
currency collecting where provenance could matter is
with national bank notes. Because the market is highly
differentiable by issuing banks and reliable census data
exist to document small numbers of surviving issues, it
would be pretty easy to maintain provenance records for
individual bank notes.
In contrast to mfontes, I think it would be pretty
neat to collect a banknote that was once owned by Jesus.
But, as the Dad Joke has it, Jesus paid for our sins with
neither cash nor credit?he used PrayPal?.
Chump Change
Loren Gatch
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How the Montgomery Ward Catalog and U.S. Postal Notes
Helped Tame the ?Wild West?!
by Bob Laub
The Homestead Act of 1862
This Act was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20th, 1862. The purpose of the act was to
encourage western migration by providing settlers 160 acres of public land. In exchange, homesteaders paid a small
fee, and were required to complete five years of continuous residence before receiving ownership of the land.
However, after six months of residency, homesteaders had the option of purchasing the land from the government
for $1.25 per acre. The Homestead Act led to the distribution of 80 million acres of public land by 1900.
Our country?s Westward migration became much more apparent after the final shots of the Civil War had been
fired, in 1865. The country was dealing with reunification as well as reconstruction. Due to a rapid expansion
westward, infrastructure, in most areas, was still well into the future for most settlers. Just trying to reach a credible
banking institution, was at times, more than a day?s journey by horse and buggy. Life was harsh for the early
pioneers with little or no conveniences. It was much different than today?s society where we take so much for
granted.
The Beginning of the Montgomery Ward Empire
In August 1872, Aaron Montgomery Ward founded a mail-order business based in Chicago, Illinois. Ward started
the company with $2,400 in capital only ten months after the Great Chicago Fire had devastated much of the area.
His aim was to buy large quantities of merchandise wholesale, then sell the items directly to rural farmers without
the help of retail intermediaries. Such an operation would provide goods at low prices but still yield acceptable
profits. Chicago was well-situated to address all business needs throughout the Continental United States. The
Transcontinental Railroad was completed in 1869, so Ward was well positioned to reach remote regions of the Wild
West as well as working families throughout the more settled regions of the country.
Ward began distributing the world?s first mail-order catalog, initially as a single-sheet (8? x 12?), listing 163
items. This came with a set of ordering instructions and was furthered by a money back guarantee. In the case of
additional order forms being needed, they could be mailed as requested. Both company sales, and number of items
in its catalog, grew quickly from the mid-1870?s on. By 1883, the first year U.S. Postal Notes were released, the
company?s catalog became popularly known as the ?Wish Book? and had evolved to 240 pages with 10,000 items.
Almost any item imaginable could be purchased by simply forwarding funds to the proper address. These early
catalogs were a true life-line between early settlers and major commercial distribution centers, such as Chicago.
The company took pride in selling directly to the consumer at well below available prices at the country
market (General Mercantile). Shop owners bought in much lower quantities than the giant mail-order companies
but still needed to make a profit. Montgomery Ward and Company went so far as to encourage relatively small
groups of neighbors to band together to make group purchases called club orders and split the discount awarded
for paying in cash.
Acceptable forms of payment:
Printed on the central right side of the order form are these words: State here the amount of money sent and
whether Draft, Express Money Order, Postal Order, Postal Note, Currency or Stamps. I also found additional
payment instructions on a separate document which was not part of the original order forms. This is presented
below:
How to Send Money:
It is perfectly safe to send money in the following manner: Bank Draft, Postal Money Order,
Postal Note, or Express Money Order, and in cash by Express, charges prepaid, because in case
of miscarriage the loss will be made good.
Orders accompanied by individual checks on local banks will be delayed until checks are
collected. Expense of collection will be charged.
We will not be responsible for currency or coin sent by open mail nor for money sent in
Registered Letters, although we consider this last method practically safe if they are carefully
sealed. We advise the use of two envelopes- one within the other. When sending a Post Office
Money Order, disregard instructions on the back and enclose it in your letter with the order for
goods. When gold or silver becomes worn so as to be light weight, it is only worth what it will
bring as bullion, which is about ten per cent less than its face value. Defaced five cent coins have
no value.
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Notice. ? We do not care to take postage stamps, but to accommodate our customers who live
where there is no Postal Money Order Office, where it is difficult to make change in currency, we
will accept them for amounts under $5.00. from points where Postal Money Order and Express
Offices are established. We will not accept stamps in larger amounts than $1.00, except at a
discount of two to three per cent. We recommend the Express Money Order system of remitting,
because it is safe, simple and economical. There is no use sending money or stamps where access
can be had to an Express Office.
NOTE. ?Do not send Money or Stamps in a letter by open mail. Many such letters never reach
their destination, and we are often blamed for it. Always, when possible, send money by some
of the forms mentioned above.
Merchandise Delivery Methods:
By Mail (U.S. Postal Service) Postage costs are one cent per ounce (16 cents per pound) and is
limited to four pounds? maximum per package (though an un-limited quantity of four pound
parcels may be delivered to any one address). Cash payments are required in full prior to
shipment, to cover goods and postage.
By Express Service (agents at the Rail Depot) ? This made allowances for C.O.D. and the ability
to examine the product prior to paying for it. Payment could be made directly to the agent. This
necessitated the purchaser live in or near the railway town with easy access to the Express
Office. Express orders should exceed $5.00
By Railway Freight (if more than 100 pounds in weight). This would work ideally for a club
order (group of friends placing an order together), or when ordering a piano or other large
object.
Fractional Currency, an alternative payment option:
During the earlier years of mail-order catalog distribution, a popular monetary form for small transactions, was
Postage and Fractional Currency. This ?paper change? system was brought about at the threshold of the Civil War.
Its dual purpose was to alleviate shortages of small change due to the extreme hoarding of most coinage. It also
provided the ability of transmitting small amounts of money more securely through the mail. The system worked
well as intended, and was printed for distribution from 1862 until the series was discontinued in 1876.
As more of the small notes became worn and tattered, they were redeemed for coins and larger denomination
currency. When the supply of fractional dwindled, there was an ever-increasing concern for the ability to send
money through the mail. The Government spent years trying to come up with a viable solution. The 1883-1894
series of U.S. Postal Notes was the end result of many years of deliberation. Imagine the convenience of being at a
local post office and purchasing a postal note. One would simply pay a three-cent clerical fee, plus the desired
amount, (from one-cent to $4.99), then fill out a simple form, folded the note into an envelope, placed a stamp and
mailed it. This means of monetary exchange proved to be an ultimate small financial link between rural America
and major metropolitan distribution areas.
The ?Wild West?
The Wild West was prevalent from the end of the Civil War in 1865, until about 1895. This geographic region
consisted mainly of the states of California, Colorado, and Wyoming, as well as the Territories of Arizona, Nevada,
New Mexico, and Utah, with some carry-over into other connecting geographic regions. Try to envision life in the
Wild West. You may contemplate scenes from such notable locations as Tombstone, Arizona Territory, the site of
the ?Gunfight at the OK Corral? in 1881. Other ominous sounding western locations might be Boot Hill Cemetery
in Dodge City, Kansas, Cripple Creek, Colorado or maybe even Deadwood, South Dakota. Other thoughts which
may come to mind might be long lonely cattle drives, hostile Native American Indians and the all too familiar
Wells Fargo Stagecoach.
One small town which may elude most people?s colorful western images is Beaver, Utah. The town is located
in the south-west portion of that territory. The word ?territory? is being used because Utah did not become a state
until 1896. Therefore, only postal notes with a ?territorial? distinction were issued. This town?s main claim to fame
is it?s the birthplace of the infamous outlaw Butch Cassidy. Born Robert Leroy Parker, April 13th, 1866, and was
the eldest of 13 children. Robert grew up on his parent?s ranch near Circleville Utah. He left home in his early teens
and worked at several ranches, in addition to a brief stint as a Butcher where he acquired the nick name ?Butch?.
This was soon applied to the surname of Cassidy, in honor of an old friend and mentor. Butch became the leader of
a notorious gang of train and bank robbers known as the ?Wild Bunch?.
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His leading partner in crime, and fellow associate, was Harry Alonzo Longabeugh, better known as the
?Sundance Kid?. He was born in Mont Clare, Pennsylvania, and at the age of 15 headed west. There, he received
his nickname after being arrested and imprisoned for stealing a horse in Sundance, Wyoming. Butch Cassidy and
the Sundance Kid, along with other colorful co-conspirators such as News Carver, Flat Nose Cury and ?Deaf
Charlie? Hanks went on the longest crime spree in the history of the American West. After repeated robberies and a
number of the gang being killed, Butch and Sundance traveled to Bolivia where they continued their life of crime.
Some historians claim this was where they both met their final demise at the hands of the Bolivian Army. Others
state that they both eventually returned to the United States and the ?old west? where they lived out their remaining
years with more honest jobs.
The Beaver, Utah Postal Note
The note was printed by the American Bank Note Company of New York, as part of the second of three four-
year contracts to produce U.S. Postal Notes. The company placed one of their top designers and engravers, Robert
Morris, in charge of the project. Many collectors of U.S. Currency recognize Morris?s name as the person who
eventually created the $1, $2 and $5 1896 Educational Series of U.S. Silver Certificates.
This note was sold February 24th, 1891 with serial # 3602 in the amount of 75 cents. The monetary amount of
this note shows it to be clearly issued for a commercial purpose. The vast majority of the 2,232 notes which still
exist for collectors today, were issued between one-cent and five-cents. Clearly qualifying them to be considered as
part of a souvenir category. Was this lone surviving note from Beaver, Utah purchased with the original intention of
being forwarded to the Montgomery Ward Company in Chicago? Maybe, with the hopes of purchasing a much-
needed family item to help make pioneer life more tolerable. The issued amount of 75-cents, in today?s society,
might purchase a small bottle of cold water, but at the original time of issue in 1891, that amount would reflect a
full six-day work week?s wages for most employees.
If the Beaver, Utah Post Office began issuing postal notes September 3rd, 1883, the official ?first day of issue?,
this would average ten issued notes for each six-day work week (SORRY . . . closed Sundays). If this basic rough
math were continued throughout the series, the final note may have possibly been # 5200. The number of notes
issued from just this one small western town begins to show the reader how well the postal note series was
embraced by the American people, especially in more remote rural areas.
Postal Notes were effectively issued from early September,1883 until the end of June,1894. With almost 71
million notes vigorously being released and amounting to just over 126 million dollars having been forwarded. It is
easy to now verify the high success rate of this series. Coupled with wide spread distribution and use of early mail-
order catalogs it does not take a far stretch of the imagination to now show most readers how the Montgomery
Ward catalog and Postal Notes helped tame the ?Wild West?.
Any questions in regards to U.S. Postal Notes or comments concerning this article may be directed to me at
briveadus2012@yahoo.com. Also interested in hearing about any Postal Notes you may own.
I refer to this as a Ty.IV.1., a Ty. IV, but with the
second ?8? in the date line crossed out and ?91?
added. The Beaver Utah, #3602, issued Feb. 24, 1891,
for 75-cents.
The reverse of this American Bank Note issue shows an
octagonal cancel: Beaver, Utah Feb. 24 1891 M.O.B. (Money
Order Business)
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$MALL NOTE$ By Jamie Yakes
Series of 1934 $5 Federal Reserve Note Back Plate 637 Mules
Series of 1934 $5 Federal Reserve Notes with micro back plate 637 are the least reported of all the back plate
637 varieties: to date, only ten are known.1 They were printed during the final months of use of 1934 faces in late 1945
and early 1946, which coincided with the initial use of back plate 637 in June 1945. The overlap between the two plate
varieties lasted just seven months and was a direct cause of the scarcity of this variety.
Production Use of Back 637
Five-dollar back plate 637 spent its early life as a master plate that directly and indirectly sired all small-size
twelve-subject $5 back plates made between 1935 and 1951.2 Originally, back 637 had been used to impart a design
change to $5 backs. Since the onset of small-size production in 1928, BEP employees had dealt with high rates of sheet
spoilage caused by tight margins on finished sheets created from the narrow separations between subjects on ?old
gauge? printing plates. They resolved this in 1934 by producing ?new gauge? plates, which had wider vertical spaces
between each subject on the plate. New gauge plates produced sheets with larger margins between notes that provided
more tolerance when printing faces on backs.
This change to new gauge plates required production of new master plates for each type, commencing with $1
faces in July 1934. New $5 backs came later that year, on October 26, when the BEP started a new gauge steel master
back plate they designated as serial 630.3 Back plate 637 was begun a few months later on January 24, 1935. It was
immediately pressed into service as the $5 master plate and remained so for the next eight years. During its time as a
master, serial number 637 was never etched into any subject on the plate.
In 1943, back plate 637 was retired as a master plate and saved as an economy measure. The following year it
was salvaged, and on November 10, 1944, certified as a production plate. Serial number 637 was etched into each
subject as micro-size numerals similar to those used on plates finished prior to January 1938. At the time, all plates were
being finished with macro numerals, so the micro 637s were unorthodox. The BEP sent back 637 to press for the first
time on June 23, 1945, and would use it for sixteen press runs until June 14, 1949. The plate yielded 598,000 sheets that
were mated to all contemporary classes of $5 Julian-Morgenthau, Julian-Vinson, and Julian-Snyder faces.
The first two press runs for back plate 637 occurred from June 23 to September 21, 1945; and from December
6, 1945, to January 23, 1946. Over 103,000 sheets, or 1.2 million notes, were printed during those two runs. At the time,
$5 back sheets were being routed to production for United States Notes (on Series of 1928C faces) and Silver
Certificates (on Series of 1934A and 1934B faces). In addition, Series of 1934A and 1934B Federal Reserve Note faces
for numerous districts also were being used. Those 637 sheets got dispersed among the various production streams.
Late Use of 1934 $5 Faces
Series of 1934 $5 Federal Reserve Note face plates for eight districts were used after back plate 637 initially
went to press (see table 1). Many of those faces would stay in service until late 1945 and early 1946.
The extended use of $5 1934 Federal Reserve Note faces for over twelve years (they initially went to press in
October 1934) was caused by a hiatus in printing $5 Federal Reserve Notes from 1937 to 1941.4 At the onset of the
hiatus in May 1937, hundreds of 1934 faces from all twelve districts were mothballed until 1941. After production
Table?1.?Series?of?1934?$5?Federal?Reserve?Note?face?plates?sent?to?press?after?June?23,?1945
District
No.?of?
Plates
Inclusive?sent?to?
press?dates
Inclusive?dropped?
from?press?dates
Overlap?with?637,?
days Plate?serials
Boston 2 25?Jun?45 7?Jul?45 13 35,?36
New?York 1 7?Aug?45 16?Nov?45 102 5
Philadelphia 3 25?Jun?45 22?Jan?46 212 33,?35,?36
Cleveland 12 23?Jul?45 9?Jan?46 171 2?4,?6,?9?14,?28,?29
Richmond 15 23?Jul?45 23?Jan?46 185 9?11,?13?24
Atlanta 18 25?Jun?45 23?Nov?45 152 8,?11,?12,?14,?17,?19,?21?32
St?Louis 5 23?Aug?45 23?Oct?45 62 32,?40?43
Kansas?City 17 25?Jun?45 24?Sep?45 92 1,?4?19
Source:?BEP?plate?history?ledgers,?RG318,?National?Archives?and?Records?Administration,?College?Park,?Maryland
SPMC.org * Paper Money * Sept/Oct 2023 * Whole No. 347
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resumed that July, any of those faces that were still serviceable were gradually sent to press alongside Series of 1934A
faces.
Seventy-three 1934 Federal Reserve Note faces were used between June 23, 1945, and January 23, 1946. The
earliest were plates from Boston, Philadelphia, Atlanta, and Kansas City, each sent to press on June 25, 1945. The last
were a group of Richmond faces dropped on January 23, 1946. Most of those 73 faces were used and dropped in 1945.
The only faces used in 1946 were the three Philadelphia faces, Cleveland face 11, and most of the Richmond faces. No
1934 faces for Chicago, Minneapolis, Dallas, or San Francisco were used after June 23, 1945.
Reported 637 Mules
There was an overlap of 213 days during which 1934 Federal Reserve Note
faces could be applied to 637 backs before those faces ceased to be used. Data from
reported notes indicates printing and numbering of most 1934 face/637 back sheets
occurred from July to August 1945. All reported notes have serial numbers lower
than the last printed in 1945 (see table 2).
Eight of the ten reported 1934 back plate 637 mules are from Cleveland and
Kansas City (see table 3), both of which had large numbers of usable faces.
Unreported districts include Boston, Philadelphia, Atlanta, and St. Louis. All the
faces on reported notes had press runs after July 9, a fact that provides insight into
the existence of unreported districts. Numerous 1934 faces for Philadelphia, Atlanta,
and St. Louis were used after that date.
Back plate 637 notes are reported with 1934A Philadelphia faces 49, 77,
and 80, and 1934A St. Louis face 47. Each of those faces were used into the later
months of 1945; face 49 was used as late as January 1946. In addition, for
Philadelphia, 1934A face 49 was
used alongside 1934 faces in June-
August 1945 and in January, and
for St. Louis, face 47 was used
alongside 1934 faces in August-
October 1945. Eighteen 1934 faces from Atlanta were used with back
plate 637, and all of them had press time at some point from June to
November 1945. Finding a 1934 637 mule from Philadelphia, Atlanta,
and St. Louis, is just a matter of time and diligence by an astute
collector.
Two Boston faces were used alongside 637, neither after July
7, 1945. This was just thirteen days after 637 went to press, and
straddled the time when the first seasoned 637 sheets would have been
available for face printings.
Seasoning was the process by which currency sheets were
prepared for printing on intaglio plates on flatbed printing presses.5
Prior to back printing, blank sheets were moistened so they would sufficiently accept the ink deposited by the back plate
under the many tons of pressure applied by the intaglio press. Afterwards, the sheets were dried, and then moistened
again for the face printings. The sheets were dried once again before being sent to the numbering division to receive
serial numbers. In between each step, sheets were assessed by sheet examiners to ensure they met acceptable standards.
District Serial?No.
Boston A49824000A
New?York B78344000B
Philadelphia C71784000A
Cleveland D58836000A
Richmond E65196000A
Atlanta F68520000A
Chicago G12596000B
St.?Louis H52764000A
Minneapolis I15468000A
Kansas?City J31728000A
Dallas K31320000A
San?Francisco L92372000A
Table?2.?Last?serial?number?delivered?
for?$5?Federal?Reserve?Notes?in?1945
Source:?First?Serial?Numbers?,?O&M?
Secretary,?BEP,?October?1952 District Serial?No. FP?Serial
New?York B66598277B K5
Cleveland D53788157A E4
D54747952A L10
D56173146A L10
D56475697A A14
Richmond E61241842A J10
Kansas?City J27826429A A15
J27826430A B15
J30378791A E14
J31340318A H15
Source:?Census?data,?www.papermoneyproject.com
Table?3.?Reported?$5?1934?Federal?Reserve?Notes?
with?back?plate?637
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Seasoning was a controlled process: During drying, sheets had to contract evenly and not become distorted.
During moistening, it was critical to ensure the sheets had the proper moisture content. The entire process could take a
few weeks, though it could be accelerated for rushed production. Back plate 637 was placed into routine service,
however, and sheets printed from it likely were seasoned under normal and unhurried conditions. Boston 637s?if those
faces landed on 637 sheets?would be a trophy note.
After the last 1934 faces went out of service, Federal Reserve note back 637 mules continued to be produced
among 1934A faces (until July 1946, an overlap of 397 days), 1934B faces (from November 1945 to February 1947;
475 days), and 1934C faces (from September 1946 to June 1949; 1,002 days). The variety becomes more common as
the series progressed from 1934 to 1934C.
Star notes are unknown among Series of 1934 Federal Reserve Note 637 mules. Production of stars with back
plate 637 was complicated by the natural low production rate of star notes, coupled with the low ratio of 637 sheets
among available $5 back sheet stock. Among the four Federal Reserve Note face plate series mated to back plate 637,
only two 1934A star notes are reported.
Half the districts possible for 1934 Federal Reserve Note back plate 637s are unreported. Two others are
unique. A new Kansas City note was discovered earlier this year,6 so the notes are out there. When you find them, report
new discoveries to The Paper Money Project (www.papermoneyproject.com).
Notes:
1. The Paper Money Project, www.papermoneyproject.com. Census data for 1934-1934C BP #637 Mules/Non-Mules.
Accessed at https://www.papermoneyproject.com/5-frn-637-mules, July 11?18, 2023.
2. Yakes, J., ?The Extraordinary First Ten Years of Micro Back 637.? Whole No. 303 (2016, May/Jun): 212.
3. The last old gauge $5 back plate was back plate 629. It was certified in December 1933, but never used in the months that
followed because of the transition to new gauge plates beginning in January 1934. Back 629 sat idle for fourteen years
until sent to press in 1947?48. Sheets from it produced numerous rare $5 mules. See J. Yakes, Paper Money 292, and
P. Huntoon, Paper Money 299.
4. Huntoon, P., and J. Yakes, ?$5 Federal Reserve Series of 1934 Blue-Green Seal, Yellow-Green Back, Non-Mules.? Whole
No. 344 (2023, Mar/Apr): 136.
5. Currency sheet sizes up to eighteen-subjects were wetted prior to plate printing. The practice ceased in the late 1950s with
the advance to dry intaglio printing using 32-subject sheets.
6. Yakes, J. ?Series of 1934 $5 Kansas City with Back Plate 637.? Whole No. 345 (2023, May/June): 242
References:
The Paper Money Project, www.papermoneyproject.com. Census data for 1934-1934C BP #637 Mules/Non-Mules. Accessed
at https://www.papermoneyproject.com/5-frn-637-mules, July 11?18, 2023.
?First Serial Numbers on U.S Small Size Notes Delivered during each year 1928 to 1952.? Prepared by the O&M Secretary,
Bureau of Engraving and Printing, April 1952. BEP Historical Resource Center, Washington, D.C.
National Archives and Records Administration, Record Group 318-Bureau of Engraving and Printing: Entry P1, ?Ledgers
Pertaining to Plates, Rolls and Dies, 1870s?1960s,? Containers 43, 144, 147. National Archives and Records
Administration, Archives II, College Park, Maryland.
Only?reported?Series?
of?1934?New?York?
note?with?back?plate?
637.?Discovered?on?
eBay?in?the?2000s.?
(Author?s?photo.)
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UNESCO?World?Heritage?Sites?Depicted?on?Bank?Notes???Angola?
by?Roland?Rollins
The Republic of Angola is located on the west-central coast of Southern Africa. It is the second-largest Portuguese-
speaking country in both total area and population next to Brazil and is the seventh-largest country in Africa. It is bordered
by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to
the west. Angola has only one World Heritage Site; the Mbanza Kongo.
Mbanza Kongo, the leftovers of the capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo, represents the political and religious
center of a vast African kingdom until the arrival of the Portuguese in the late 15th century. The site is located on a plateau.
It comprises both archaeological remains of the pre-colonial period as well as colonial structures ? often overlapping each
other. The Kingdom of Kongo has strong intangible links with the slave trade and the early conversion of African kings to
the Catholic religion. The only note depicting the only site is the 5000 Kwanza of 2020, P163a / B561a
Angola 5000 Kwanza front with Ant?nio Agostinho Neto and Bakama mask
Angola 5000 Kwanza back with Kulumbimbi church ruins in M?Banza Kongo and coat of arms
SPMC.org * Paper Money * Sept/Oct 2023 * Whole No. 347
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when buying or selling currency, look for dealers who
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For further information, please contact:
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matic Society?s Anniversary Convention. Please visit our Web Site pcda.com for dates and location.
? Encourages public awareness and education regarding the hobby of Paper Money Collecting.
? Sponsors the John Hickman National Currency Exhibit Award each year, as well as Paper Money
classes and scholarships at the A.N.A.?s Summer Seminar series.
? Publishes several ?How to Collect? booklets regarding currency and related paper items. Availability
of these booklets can be found on our Web Site.
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Or Visit Our Web Site At: www.pcda.com
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(214) 409-1830 ? email: susanb@ha.com
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Richmond, VA- Commonwealth of Virginia
$500 Sep. 25, 1861 Cr. 1861-B
PMG Choice Very Fine 35
From the Neil A. Chiappa Collection
Fr. 1133-D $1,000 1918 Federal Reserve Note
PMG Gem Uncirculated 66 EPQ
From the Thomas Collup Collection
Fr. 2221-G $5,000 Federal Reserve Note
PCGS Very Choice New 64
Fr. 2231-A $10,000 1934 Federal Reserve Note
PMG Choice Uncirculated 64 EPQ
Serial Number 1 Poland, NY - $5 1875 Fr.
404 The Poland National Bank Ch. # 2441
PMG Very Fine 30
Fr. 2408 $1,000 1928 Gold Certificate
PMG About Uncirculated 53
For a free appraisal, or to consign to an upcoming auction, contact a Heritage Expert today.
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